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Progress in Chemistry 2023, Vol. 35 Issue (7): 1005-1017 DOI: 10.7536/PC220811 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Preparation of Heteroatom Doped Graphene and Its Application as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors

Yunpeng Wu1,2, Xiaofeng Wang1, Benxian Li1, Xudong Zhao1(), Xiaoyang Liu1()   

  1. 1 State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University,Changchun 130012, China
    2 School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology,Changchun 130022, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: * e-mail: liuxy@jlu.edu.cn(Xiaoyang Liu); xdzhao@jlu.edu.cn(Xudong Zhao)
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(22171101)
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Owing to its vast surface area and remarkable electrical conductivity, graphene has attracted extensive attention in the realm of electrochemical energy storage. Nevertheless, its volumetric energy density as an electrode material is quite low, thus presenting certain difficulties in its application as an electrode material. Heteroatom doping is a viable approach to enhance the electrochemical properties of graphene, thereby augmenting the energy storage capability of graphene as an electrode material. This paper provides a summary of the preparation of heteroatom-doped graphene, examines how heteroatom doping affects graphene’s electrochemical properties, explores the application of graphene in supercapacitors, and finally looks ahead to the future development course of this research domain.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Preparation of heteroatom doped graphene

2.1 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)

2.2 Chemical synthesis

2.3 Mechanical ball milling

2.4 Hydrothermal

2.5 Other methods

3 Application of heteroatom doped graphene as electrode material for supercapacitor

3.1 Nitrogen doping

3.2 Boron doping

3.3 Phosphorus doping

3.4 Sulfur doping

3.5 Other heteroatoms doping

3.6 Co-doping

4 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: graphene, heteroatoms-doping, supercapacitors, energy storage
Fig.1 Trends in the amount of articles published about heteroatom-doped graphene
Fig.2 (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation process of NiNOG; (b) SEM image of NiNOG; (c) XPS spectra of NiNOG[40]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier
Fig.3 Schematic illustration of the hydrothermal treatment of GO coated MS in different conditions[49]. Copyright 2020, Chinese Chemical Society
Fig.4 Schematic of the preparation of (a) nitrogen doping graphene, and (b) phosphorus doping graphene by elemental superdoping[56,57] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society; 2016, Springer
Fig.5 (a) Composition of a supercapacitor; (b, c) schematic of the charge storage mechanism of EDLC and PC
Fig.6 Schematic structures of N-6, N-5 and N-Q
Fig.8 Schematic diagram of phosphorus-containing structure in phosphorus-doped graphene
Fig.9 (a) SEM image of PGA; (b) cycle stability of PGA electrode at 1 A/g (Inset: CV profile for 1st and 10 000th cycle)[73]. Copyright 2020, ESG
Fig.10 Schematic diagram of Sulfur-containing structure in sulfur-doped graphene
Fig.11 Species and characteristics of doped atoms
Table 1 Performance of heteroatom-doped graphene as electrode materials for supercapacitors
Material Atom(s) Synthesis method/ React condition Dopant Carbon source Performance Ref
1 N-HtrGO N Hydrothermal/150℃, 12 h Urea GO 244 F/g at 50 mV/s, 105% at 2000 cycles 86
2 NHGNSs N Thermally annealed/ 360℃, 5 h NH3 GO 126 F/g at 1 A/g, 91% at 2000 cycles 66
3 PG-Ni N Thermally annealed/ 800℃, 2 h N2 GO 575 F/g at 0.5 A/g, 89.5% at 10 000 cycles 68
4 FNG N Ball milling/500 rpm, 24 h Melamine Expanded graphite 83.8 mF/cm2 at 0.6 mA/cm2, 93.8% at 5000 cycles 38
5 NG-DWCNT N CVD/ 1300℃ under Ar Urea Ethanol 563 F/g at 50 A/g, 94.35% at 5000 cycles 27
6 NGH N Hydrothermal/ 90℃, 4 h Carbamide GO 199.8 F/g at 2 A/g, 97% at 20000 cycles 87
7 NG N Hydrogel strategy Pyrrole GO 455.4 F/g at 1 A/g, 97.4% at 5000 cycles 88
8 BMG B Hydrothermal/180℃, 4 h Boric acid GO 336 F/g at 0.1 A/g, 98% at 5000 cycles 89
9 HTBAGO B Supercritical fluid processing/400℃, 1 h Boric acid GO 286 F/g at 1 A/g, 96% at 10 000 cycles 70
10 B-rGO B Electrochemical synthesis Boric acid GO 446 F/g at 0.1 A/g, 95.6% at 2000 cycles 90
11 BGNS B Solvothermal/150℃, 12 h Boric acid GO 125 F/g at 1 A/g, 83% at 2000 cycles 91
12 P-TRG P Thermal annealing/ 800℃, 30 min H3PO4 GO 115 F/g at 0.05 A/g, 97% at 5000 cycles 72
13 PO-graphene P Electrochemical synthesis (NH4)3PO4 Graphite rod 1634.2 F/g at 3.5 mA/cm2, 67% at 500 cycles 92
14 PGA P Solvothermal/150℃, overnight Phytic Acid GO 225.3 F/g at 1 A/g, 95% at 10 000 cycles 73
15 PGO P Supercritical fluid processing/400℃, 1 h Na3PO4 GO 518 F/g at 1 A/g, 98% at 5000 cycles 93
16 S-GEs S Electrochemical synthesis H2SO4 Pencil graphite 1833 mF/cm2 at 10 mA/cm2, 95% at 1000 cycles 74
17 S@G S Heat treatment/155℃, 8 h S Nanomesh graphene 257 F/g at 0.25 A/g, 87% at 10 000 cycles 94
18 S-rGO S Microwave-assisted synthesis/140℃, 30 min Na2S GO 237.6 F/g at 0.1 A/g, 113% at 5000 cycles 75
19 L-P LIG S Laser direct writing Polyethersulfone Lignin 22 mF/cm2 at 0.05 mA/cm2, 89.8% at 9000 cycles 95
20 Cl-RGOFs Cl Hydrothermal/180℃, 3 h HCl GO 210 F/g at 1 A/g, 94.3% at 5000 cycles 77
21 FGA F Hydrothermal/150℃, 12 h HF GO 279.8 F/g at 0.5 A/g, 94.3% at 5000 cycles 96
22 NiNOG Ni, N, O Ball milling/ 400 rpm, 10 h Ni(NO3)2·6H2O Melamine Graphite 532 F/g at 1 A/g, 87.5% at 10 000 cycles 40
23 NP-rGO N, P Supramolecular
polymerization		 Melamine
Phytic acid		 GO 416 F/g at 1 A/g, 94.63% at 10 000 cycles 97
24 s-SPG S, P Thermal activation/ 900℃, 1 h Phytic acid
Thioglycolic acid		 GO 168 F/g at 1 A/g, 91.7% at 2000 cycles 54
25 N, S, PHHGO N, S, P Hydrothermal/ 140℃, 2 h NH4H2PO4
L-cysteine		 GO 295 F/g at 1 A/g, 93.5% at 10 000 cycles 85
26 S, N-FLG N, S Microwave irradiation/900 W and 2.45 GHz for a few seconds H2SO4 HNO3 Graphite 298 F/g at 1 A/g, 95% at 10 000 cycles 84
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