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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (7): 1554-1575 DOI: 10.7536/PC220346 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

From Single Molecule to Molecular Aggregation Science

Shuhui Li1, Qianqian Li1(), Zhen Li1,2()   

  1. 1. Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072, China
    2. Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Qianqian Li, Zhen Li
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(22122504); National Natural Science Foundation of China(51973162); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21734007)
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The opto-electronic properties of organic materials are not only dependent on the molecular structures, but also the aggregated states. In many cases, the cooperativity of intermolecular interactions can generate the new functions beyond those as single molecules. Thus, our recognition should not only limit on the level of single molecule, but pay much attention to molecular aggregates with the Molecular Uniting Set Identified Characteristic (MUSIC). Among them, organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) as the unique emission of organic molecules at aggregate state, demonstrating the high sensitivity and responsiveness to their aggregation behaviors in most cases. Thus, in this review, RTP property was selected as the typical optoelectronic property of molecular aggregates, and the formation processes and crucial factors have been systematical investigated and discussed. Furthermore, the related strategies can be applied into various fields, including mechano-luminescence, second-order non-linear optics, mechanochromism and OLEDS, in which the opto-electronic properties can be the static performance and/or dynamic response stimulated by force, light, heat and electric field. Finally, the controllability and predictability of molecular design of optoelectronic materials are effectively demonstrated by the established relationship between molecular structures-stacking modes and intermolecular interactions, together with the proposed effective strategies for the adjustment of molecular aggregation behaviors.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Research on organic room temperature phosphorescence materials as aggregate state

2.1 Internal mechanism and the control strategy

2.2 The structure-stacking-property relationship

3 Dynamic molecular aggregates in organic opto-electronic materials with single components

3.1 Mechano-stimulation response

3.2 Photo-stimulation response

3.3 Electric field-stimulation response

3.4 Environment-stimulation response

4 Rational adjustment of molecular aggregate states in complex systems

5 Conclusion

Key words: aggregated state, room temperature phosphorescenc, mechanoluminescence, stimuli-responsive
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of structure-stacking-property relationship and adjustment of aggregate state by different methods
Fig. 2 Jablonski diagram (Ex: Excitation, F: Fluorescence, P: Phosphorescence, ISC: Intersystem crossing, IC: Internal conversion, Vr: Vibrational relaxation, Nr: Nonradiative transition)
Fig. 3 (a) Chemical structure, (b) images of polymorphism before and after turning off UV radiation, (c) corresponding conformations and stacking modes of CzS-CN[11]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 4 (a) Molecular structure, two kinds of conformations of PTZ-3Cl in polymorphisms, and their conversion diagram under different stimulus; (b) photoluminescence spectra, (c) stacking modes, and (d) the possible ISC processes of PTZ-3Cl polymorphisms[12]. Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 5 (a) Chemical structure, molecular conformations, stacking modes, corresponding photoluminescence and phosphorescence spectra of DBTDO-DMAC polymorphisms at room temperature[14]. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature. (b) Chemical structure, molecular conformations, stacking modes, corresponding phosphorescence lifetime and mechano-luminescence spectra of TPA-o-3COOMe polymorphisms at room temperature[15]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons
Fig. 6 (a) Chemical structure of CS-2COOCH3, (b) fluorescence spectra and (c) phosphorescence spectra of CS-2COOCH3 in crystal, ground state and doped in PMMA film at room temperature, (d) the rates of fluorescent radiative transitions (kr) and non-radiative transitions (knr) for CS-2COOCH3 in different states[17]. Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry. (e) Schematic diagram of the effect of π-π stacking on energy levels by substituent, (f) π-π stacking modes of phenothiazine oxide with different substituents, images of CS-CH3O and CS-F crystals before and after UV radiation[7]. Copyright 2018, Springer Nature
Fig. 7 (a) Schematic diagram of hydrogen bond, (b) chemical structure of CAA, stacking modes and photos of CAA crystal before and after UV radiation[18]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Chemical structures of PBA derivatives, PL spectra, photos of PBA derivatives crystals before and after UV radiation, intermolecular hydrogen bonds in PBA-OMe and PBA-OPr crystals[19]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 8 (a) Chemical structures of XCO-Ph, XCO-PhCl, XCO-tBu and XCO-PiCl, RTP lifetimes, stacking mode and hydrogen bond in the corresponding crystals[20]. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons. b) Chemical structures of PIth-Cn, RTP lifetimes (inset: images before and after UV radiation of PIth-C6 crystal), stacking mode and intermolecular interactions in the corresponding crystals[21]. Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry. c) Chemical structures of CS-Cn H 2 n + 1, RTP lifetimes and stacking modes in the corresponding crystals[22]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 9 (a) Chemical structures of C-TPA, C-TPA-OMe and C-TPA-Me, quantum yields and RTP lifetimes of the corresponding crystals, and energy level schematic diagram. (b) Intermolecular interactions in C-TPA, C-TPA-OMe and C-TPA-Me crystals[23]. Copyright 2022, Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Chemical structures of BP-o-BO, BP-m-BO and BP-p-BO, quantum yields and RTP lifetimes of the corresponding crystals, and energy level schematic diagram. (d) Intermolecular interactions and stacking modes in BP-o-BO, BP-m-BO and BP-p-BO crystals[24]. Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 10 (a) The mechanism of controlling molecular packing based on the steric and electronic effects and design strategy of molecule. (b) The PL spectra of PPCHO in crystal and ground state. (c) The possible intersystem crossing of PPCHO crystal; (d) Fluorescence images and PL spectra of PPCHO crystal under the increased hydrostatic pressures. (e) Fluorescence images and PL spectra of PPCHO crystal under the decreased hydrostatic pressures[27]. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons
Fig. 11 (a) Schematic diagram of mechanoluminescence, chemical structure of TMPE, images of mechanoluminescence and stacking modes in polymorphisms[29]. Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Chemical structure of TPA-X, and schematic diagram of mechanoluminescence properties in different stacking modes[32]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons. (c) Chemical structure, relationship between pressure and luminescence intensity, mechanoluminescence device and stacking mode in tPE-2-Th crystal[33]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier
Fig. 12 (a) Chemical structure of DPP-BO, photoluminescence spectra of DPP-BO crystal at 298 and 77 K, ML spectra of DPP-BO crystal at room temperature, and typical molecular packing in single crystal[34]. Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons. (b) Chemical structure of BrFLu-CBr, photos and XRD of BrFLu-CBr crystal under mechano-stimulation[35]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons. (c) Chemical structure of FCO-CzS, photos of FCO-CzS crystal under different states[36]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons. (d) Chemical structure of CzS-Ph-3F, photos of CzS-Ph-3F crystal before and after UV irradiation, photos of CzS-Ph-3F powder before and after UV irradiation[37]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons
Fig. 13 (a) Schematic diagram of UV source; (b) chemical structure of CS-CF3, RTP spectra and molecular packing of CS-CF3 crystal before and after UV illumination[7]. Copyright 2018, Springer Nature. (c) Chemical structure of TPA-B, RTP spectra and molecular packing of TPA-B crystal before and after UV illumination[38]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons
Fig. 14 (a) Bending angle and contraction rate of stretched FOB-PET film under UV irradiation, and scheme of photodynamic process of FOB-PET film under light excitation at 360 nm[39]. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons. (b) Chemical structures and photo-induced cyclization process of triphenylethylene derivatives and the corresponding muilti-photoresponsive properties, photographs of triphenylethylene derivatives at initial state and after UV irradiation for 5 s, molecule conformations and intramolecular interactions of triphenylethylene derivatives[40]. Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Schematic representation of structures of triarylamine derivatives and the photoactivated phosphorescence and photochromic property in the PMMA film[41]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons
Fig. 15 (a) Schematic diagram of the adjustment of chromophore orientation by electric field; (b) chemical structures of M1-M5, d33 and T80% values of the corresponding films[44]. Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Chemical structures of D-13N, D-17N, D-21N, d33 and T80% values of the corresponding films[45]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) Chemical structures of ring molecule R1 and the reference molecule H1, d33 and T80% values of the corresponding films[46]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 16 Chemical structures of (a) tPE-5-MePh[47]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) CzS-o-py[48]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (c) CPBBr[49]. Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) DPP-BOH-PVA[50]. Copyright 2022, Springer Nature. Images of photophysical properties and aggregated structures of corresponding materials before and after stimulation by heat, hydrochloric acid or water
Fig. 17 (a) Chemical structures and RTP properties of M-R host-guest system; (b) phosphorescence images of M-CH3 system with different mass ratios[51]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons. (c) Chemical structure of OPPh3/Pph/BPph/DBPph, photos of cocrystal before and after UV radiation[52]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons. (d) Chemical structures of DMAP and Cdp, images of DMAP/Cdp host-guest system before and after UV radiation, and schematic diagram of DMAP/Cdp host-guest system under force and thermal stimulation[54]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier
Fig. 18 (a) Chemical structures of DAc-C1~DAc-C5 and external quantum efficiency of the corresponding OLED devices; (b) schematic diagram of OLED device; (c) stacking modes in DAc-C1~DAc-C5 crystals[61]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier
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