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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (10): 2173-2189 DOI: 10.7536/PC220236 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Catalytic Conversion of Cellulose-Based Biomass to Diols

Wu Qiaomei1, Yang Qiyue1, Zeng Xianhai2, Deng Jiahui1, Zhang Liangqing1(), Qiu Jiarong1()   

  1. 1 School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University,Jinjiang 362251, China
    2 College of Energy, Xiamen University,Xiamen 361102, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Zhang Liangqing, Qiu Jiarong
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(22108038); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21978248); Tianjin University-Fuzhou University Independent Innovation Fund Cooperation Project(TF2022-10); Open Project Fund of Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources(HY202201); Open Project Fund of Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources(HY202202); Fuzhou University Testing Fund of Precious Apparatus(2022T032); Fuzhou University Testing Fund of Precious Apparatus(2022T037); Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Fuzhou University(511084); National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFC2101604); Guangdong Provincial Key Research and Development Program(2020B0101070001); Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(2019J06005)
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As one of the most potential renewable resources to replace fossil energy, biomass has received increasing attention. Cellulose-based biomass is important feedstocks for catalytic conversion into various fuels and chemicals. In recent years, glycols (including ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and butanediol, etc.) have been widely used in various fields as fuels and chemicals, which is huge market demand. The traditional method to produce diols was using fossil fuels as raw materials, and there are disadvantages such as non-renewable and large environmental pollution. Therefore, the production of diols by non-fossil feedstocks has attracted great attention. Among them, catalysis conversion of cellulose-based biomass to diols is one of the important approaches to overcome the shortage of fossil fuels and reduce environmental pollution. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent advances of cellulose-based biomass (cellulose, glucose, fructose, and sorbitol) as feedstocks for catalytic conversion of diols, and the reaction pathways, reaction mechanisms, catalytic stability, and reaction solvent categories are in-depth discussed. Based on the above discussion, a future research direction for catalysis conversion of cellulose-based biomass to diols is prospected, which might be helpful for researchers.

Key words: cellulose, C6 carbohydrates, catalysts, diols
Table 1 Preparation of diols from cellulose by various catalysts
Entry Catalyst Solvent Reaction conditions Conversion
(%)		 Target product and yield (%) Target product
and selectivity (%)		 Run
(Stability)		 ref
1 30%Cu30%WOx/AC
+Ni/AC		 H2O 2 h, 4MPa H2
518 K		 100 EG, 70.5
1,2-PG, 4.5
1,2-BDO, 4.4		 / 4 (Stable) 42
2 Ni-W/M H2O 2 h, 4MPa H2
518 K		 100 EG, 68.7
1,2-PG, 6.5
1,2-BDO, 2.9		 / 7 (Stable) 43
3 Ni-W@C700 H2O 1 h, 5MPa H2
240℃		 99.8 EG, 60.1 / 5 (Stable) 44
4 Ni-W/SiO2@CxNy H2O 2 h, 5MPa H2
240℃		 96.8 EG, 48.25 / 7 (Stable) 45
5 5%Al-8%Ni-25%W/NaZSM-5 H2O 12 h, 70 bar H2
220℃		 100 EG, 89.0 / 3 (Stable) 47
6 5Ni-15W-15Cu/MgAl2O4 H2O 2 h, 3MPa H2
245℃		 100 EG, 52.8
1,2-PG, 8.0		 / 6 (Stable) 48
7 7Ni-20W/β
+ ZnO		 H2O 0.5 h, 4MPa H2
245℃		 100 1,2-PG, 51.1
EG, 19.0		 / 4 (Stable) 49
8 10%Co/CeOx H2O 6 h, 3MPa H2
245℃		 100 EG, 55.2
1,2-PG, 33.9		 / / 55
9 Ru/C G H N O 3+W/CG H2O 5 h, 50 bar H2
205℃		 100 EG, 48.4 / 3 (Stable) 59
10 5%Ru-30%W18O49/
graphene		 H2O 1 h, 6MPa H2
245℃		 100 EG, 62.5
1,2-PG, 5.1
1,2-BDO, 5.0		 / 3 (Unstable) 61
11 5Ru-25WOx/HZSM-5 H2O 10 h, 3MPa H2
235℃		 / EG, 46.7 / 4(Unstable) 62
12 Fe3O4@SiO2/10%Ru-20%WOx H2O 2 h, 5MPa H2
245℃		 96.8 / 1,2-PG, 32.4 6 (Stable) 64
13 Pd@W/Al-MSiO2(3.6)YSNSs H2O 2 h, 4MPa H2
240℃		 96.1 / EG, 56.5 5 (Stable) 66
14 PTA/ZrO2 + Ru/C H2O 5 h, 50 bar H2
220℃		 100 EG, 40 / 3 (Stable) 68
Fig. 1 Reaction pathways for the conversion of cellulose-based biomass to diols[29,63,64]
Table 2 Preparation of diols from glucose/fructose by various catalysts
Entry Catalyst Substrate Solvent Reaction
conditions		 Conversion
(%)		 Target product
and yield (%)		 Target product
and selectivity (%)		 Catalyst
stability		 ref
1 10%Co/CeOx Glucose H2O 6 h, 3MPa H2
245℃		 / EG, 38.5
1,2-PG, 22.9		 / / 55
2 10%Co/CeOx Fructose H2O 6 h, 3MPa H2
245℃		 / 1,2-PG, 50.8
EG, 13.9		 / / 55
3 Fe3O4@SiO2/
10%Ru-20%WOx		 Glucose H2O 2 h, 5MPa H2
215℃		 94.3 / 1,2-PG, 30.8
EG, 16.7		 / 64
4 Fe3O4@SiO2/
10%Ru-20%WOx		 Fructose H2O 2 h, 5MPa H2
215℃		 95.8 / 1,2-PG, 33.4
EG, 12.7		 / 64
5 PTA/ZrO2 + Ru/C Glucose H2O 5 h, 50 bar H2
200℃		 98 EG, 21 / / 68
6 3%Ni-15%Mo/MC Glucose H2O 6 h, 40 bar H2
200℃		 100 / EG, 63.2
1,2-PG, 1.4		 3 (Stable) 78
7 1CuB/Al2O3 Glucose H2O WHSV=0.36 h-1 96.6 / 1,2-PG, 49.5 >120 h 81
8 Ru-W/SiO2 Glucose H2O 10 h, 4MPa H2
478 K		 100 / EG, 33.8
BDO, 24.3
1,2-PG, 29.2		 50 h 83
9 Ru/WOx Glucose H2O 10 h, 4MPa H2
478 K		 87.5 / EG, 55.9
1,2-PG, 12.7		 / 83
10 1Ru10W-PEG Glucose H2O 4MPa H2
463 K		 98.2 EG+1,2-PG+
BDO =91.7		 EG, 35.2
1,2-PG, 27.1
BDO, 31.1		 50 h 84
11 Pd-WOx(5%)/Al2O3 Fructose H2O WHSV=0.48 h-1
4MPa H2, 180℃		 97.7 / 1,2-PG, 62.2
EG, 4.5
BDO, 7.7		 >200 h 85
12 Pd@Al3-
MSiO2YSNSs		 Glucose H2O 3 h, 5MPa H2
200℃		 95.7 / 1,2-PG, 47.4
EG, 6.9		 7 (Stable) 86
13 Pd@Al3-
MSiO2YSNSs		 Fructose H2O 3 h, 5MPa H2
200℃		 96.5 / 1,2-PG, 49.1 7 (Stable) 86
14 Pt/SiO2@-
Mg(OH)2		 Glucose H2O 4 h, 6MPa H2
180℃		 100 1,2-PG, 53.8 / 3 (Stable) 88
15 1Ru/WO3NS(0.3) Glucose H2O 4MPa H2
478 K		 100 BDO, 89.7 BDO, 74.94
EG, 9.0
PG, 13.7		 50 h 89
Fig. 2 Reaction pathways for the conversion of sorbitol to diols[95,101,108]
Table 3 Preparation of diols from sorbitol by various catalysts
Entry Catalyst Solvent
and base		 Reaction conditions Conversion
(%)		 Target product and yield (%) Target product
and selectivity (%)		 Run
(Stability)		 ref
1 25%Cu/C H2O, 0.3 equiv
Ca(OH)2		 24 h
5MPa H2
513 K		 100 / EG + PG=84.5 5 (Unstable) 100
2 ZnO + Pd/ZrO2 H2O
Mg3AlOx		 17.5 h
5MPa H2
493 K		 96 PG +
EG=54.6		 PG, 43.3
EG, 13.6		 5 (Stable) 101
3 NiRuCa-HT H2O, 0.3 g
Ca(OH)2		 4 h
4MPa H2
493 K		 93.6 PG +
EG=46.3		 PG, 34
EG, 15.5		 5 (Unstable) 104
4 Ni3.6/Mg2.4Al2O5.4-SF H2O 2 h
2MPa H2
473 K		 99.3 / PG, 28.2
EG, 18.8		 5 (Stable) 105
5 Ni-Ca(Sr)/hydroxyapatite H2O 6 h
6MPa H2
473 K		 64% PG, 23.7
EG, 16		 / 4 (Stable) 106
6 10%Ni/5%
La2O3/ZrO2		 H2O 4 h
4MPa H2
220℃		 96.8 / PG, 26.8
EG, 20.3		 5 (Unstable) 107
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