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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (10): 2267-2282 DOI: 10.7536/PC220131 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Application of Protein-Polysaccharide Complex System in the Delivery of Active Ingredients

Chen Yaqiong1,2, Song Hongdong2, Wu Mao1, Lu Yang1, Guan Xiao2()   

  1. 1 School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences,Shanghai 201318, China
    2 School of Health Sciences and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,Shanghai 200093, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Guan Xiao
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172247)
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Protein-polysaccharide complex system, as the wall material of bioactive ingredient delivery systems, have multiple advantages that other materials such as synthetic polymers or inorganic materials do not have. The connection mode between protein and polysaccharide, the various forms of protein-polysaccharide complex forming delivery system are reviewed, and the development trend of this field is prospected. According to the structural characteristics of proteins and polysaccharides, the linking methods between the two are divided into non-covalent binding such as physical copolymerization, and covalent binding such as Maillard coupling, chemical cross-linking, and enzyme-catalyzed cross-linking. The binding mechanism of the above connection methods and the influencing factors are expounded. The delivery forms of active ingredients with protein polysaccharide complexes as wall materials are generally divided into emulsion systems, micelles, nanogels, molecular complexes, and shell-core structure systems. According to the characteristics and delivery requirements of different active ingredients, proteins and polysaccharides with suitable structures and types, as well as their connection methods and delivery systems, can be selected in a targeted manner. Moreover, with the gradual development and advancement of research, the development trend in this field is moving towards the direction of intelligence and targeting. At present, the protein-polysaccharide complexes delivery system of active ingredients still faces many challenges in system design, evaluation and application. This requires us to design and evaluate the delivery system of active ingredients in a safe and reasonable manner based on a more comprehensive and in-depth study of its impact and efficacy on active ingredients.

Key words: protein-polysaccharide complex system, delivery system, binding method, targeted, active ingredients
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the binding mode of protein and polysaccharide
Fig. 2 (a) Three pH nodes determining protein and polysaccharide aggregation: pHc, pHφ1, pHφ2; and (b) the effect of ionic strength on the pH node (b)[28]. Copyright 2003, ACS
Fig. 3 Effects of different parameters on the process of protein-polysaccharide complex coacervation
Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of the Maillard reaction to form protein-polysaccharide covalent complexes[32], Copyright 2003, China Agricultural University
Fig. 5 EDC/NHS coupling reaction scheme
Fig. 6 DMTMM coupling process of hyaluronic acid and amine-containing compounds
Fig. 7 (a),(b) Mechanism of cross-linking reaction between genipin and compounds containing primary ammonia, (c) Patterns of cross-linking between polysaccharides and proteins via genipin(R1, R2:one of them is protein, the other is aminopolysaccharide)
Fig. 8 Transglutaminase-catalyzed reaction process
Fig. 9 Laccase, peroxidase and tyrosinase enzymatic oxidation mechanism of compounds containing phenolic structures
Table 1 The binding mode of protein-polysaccharide complex and its influencing factors
Fig. 10 Schematic of the delivery system for active ingredients by proteoglycan-saccharide complexes
Table 2 Types and functions of protein-polysaccharide complex delivery system for active ingredients
active ingredients Wall Material/Methods delivery system Function/Purpose ref
Lycopene WPI-SA/ transglutaminase cross-
linked, emulsification		 Nanoemul-sion lycopene-loaded emulsion showed better photochemical and gastrointestinal stability, strong anti-inflammatory activity against Caco-2 cells, and increased lycopene uptake by Caco-2 cells 78
Blackberry tree anthocyanins Gelatin-GA/complex coacervation Multiple emulsion Blackberry tree anthocyanins were microencapsulated by a double-emulsion system composed of gelatin and gum arabic, the structure and properties were evaluated, and the effect on the stability of anthocyanins was determined. 4
curcumin Gliadin-Chitosan/ Anti-
solvent dispersion		 Pickering emulsion The gliadin-chitosan Pickering emulsion has a high internal phase, is partially wetted, effectively adsorbed and fixed at the oil-water interface, provides steric hindrance, and has suitable viscoelasticity, while protecting curcumin. 75
Canola oil WPC- GA/complex coacervation Pickering double emulsions Pickering O/W/O double emulsion prepared from WPC- GA complex with long-term stability. 79
naringenin β-CN-dextran/ Maillard reaction,
self-assembly		 micelle Dextran-induced β-CN glycosylation to improve the stability of naringenin-loaded β-CN micelles in acidic and high calcium environments 80
curcumin OVA-Pul/Maillard reaction,
Heat treatment		 nanogel OVA-Pul nanogels have good storage stability and facilitate the controlled release of curcumin during digestion 81
cinnamaldehyde GelatiN- HMP or LMP/
complex coacervation		 Molecular complex Pectin type and gelatin conformation significantly affect the overall coordination and properties of cinnamaldehyde microcapsules 82
EGCG hordein-chitosan/Anti-solvent dispersion, Electrostatic deposition Shell-Core particle Chitosan-coated barley soluble pale white shell-structured core nanoparticles have high encapsulation efficiency of EGCG and penetrate into epithelial cells through vesicle-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis 22
Hyperoside SPI-SSPS/Anti-solvent dispersion, Electrostatic deposition Shell-Core particle The main forces for the formation of nanoparticles were electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bond interaction and hydrophobic interaction. The encapsulation efficiency is high, and the encapsulated HYP maintains its high antioxidant capacity. 83
Fig. 11 Schematic illustration of the preparation of shell-core structured EGCG-hordein/chitosan (Cs-EHNs) nanoparticles, and their uptake and transcellular permeability in Caco-2/HT29 cells[22]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier
Fig. 12 Thermoresponsive vesicles prepared by modification of bovine serum albumin(BSA)(a) Coupling scheme of thermosensitive substance PNIPAAm polymer and BSA; (b) scheme of protein vesicle microchamber formed by Pickering emulsion; (c) protein vesicle A thermally controlled system is formed that operates by swelling or de-swelling; (d) Corresponding temperature-dependent catalytic reaction rates for free myoglobin (black line) and protein body encapsulated myoglobin (red line) in the presence of two reactants (2-methoxyphenol and H2O2)[102]. Copyright 2013, Nature
Fig. 13 (a) Construction scheme of nanoparticles targeting DNPs, (b) mechanism of insulin uptake by epithelial cells, and (c) schematic diagram of the transport of DNPs from the bile acid pathway through epithelial cells to overcome the multiple barriers of intestinal epithelial cells[103]. Copyright 2013, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
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