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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (9): 2108-2120 DOI: 10.7536/PC211223 Previous Articles   

• Review •

Application of Luminescent Materials Based on Carbon Dots in Development of Latent Fingerprints

Chuanjun Yuan1,2(), Meng Wang1,2, Ming Li1,2, Jinpeng Bao3, Pengrui Sun1, Rongxuan Gao1   

  1. 1 College of Forensic Sciences, Criminal Investigation Police University of China,Shenyang 110035, China
    2 Research Center of Crime Governance in the New Era, Criminal Investigation Police University of China,Shenyang 110035, China
    3 State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: *e-mail: yuancj11@mails.jlu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(21802169); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21205139); Scientific Research Foundation of the Educational Department of Liaoning Province(LJKZ0076); Scientific Research Foundation of the Educational Department of Liaoning Province(LJKZ0068); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(D2021021); Liaoning BaiQianWan Talents Program in 2020, and the National Students Innovation Training Program(202110175005)
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Latent fingerprints left at crime scenes are important trace evidence but invisible to the unaided eye. It is essential to use some methods to make latent fingerprints visible before analysis and identification. The introduction of new materials and techniques has promoted the innovation of fingerprint development methods in recent years. Especially many photoluminescent materials such as rare earth luminescent materials, quantum dots and fluorescent metal nano-clusters have shown high potentials in this field. Carbon dots (CDs), as a type of relatively new nanomaterial exhibiting good photoluminescent properties, have lately caught the attention of researchers in fingerprint development. In this paper, recent advances in the application of solution-dispersed CDs and solid-state CDs powders in fingerprint development are reviewed. To be specific, solution-dispersed CDs used in fingerprint development rely on either the classical mechanism of small particle reagents or some special effects including coffee-ring effect and interfacial segregation effect; while solid-state CDs powders used in fingerprint development include CDs powders and CDs-based composite powders which are prepared following different strategies. The challenges in this research area concerning morphologies and surface properties of CDs, photoluminescent properties of CDs, and compatibility with chemical and biological analysis are analyzed. Meanwhile, possible solutions are also proposed to provide guidance to researchers.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Fingerprint development by solution-dispersed CDs

2.1 Solution-dispersed CDs as small particle reagents

2.2 Solution-dispersed CDs based on special effects

3 Fingerprint development by solid-state CDs powders

3.1 CDs powders

3.2 CDs-based composite powders

4 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: carbon dot, photoluminescence, latent fingerprint, fingerprint development, forensic science
Table 1 Summary of fingerprint development using solution-dispersed CDs
Precursors of CDs Synthesis of CDs Development material Particle size Ex/Em ref
Maleic anhydride, tetraethylenepentamine Pyrolysis CDs (H2O) 8 nm UV/blue 17
DL-malic acid, ethylenediamine Hydrothermal CDs (acetonitrile-H2O) — UV/green 18
DL-malic acid, ethylenediamine Hydrothermal CDs (H2O) 3.51 nm UV/green 19
Rhodamine B Hydrothermal CDs (H2O) 2.1 nm UV/orange 20
Tween 80 Chemical oxidation CDs (ethanol-H2O) 4 nm UV/white 21
Activated charcoal Hydrothermal CDs/pDMA (H2O) 8.7 nm UV/olivine 22
p-Phenylenediamine, phosphorus acid Hydrothermal CDs/ (HCl aq.) 2.4 nm UV/red 23
4-Bromoaniline, ethylenediamine Solvothermal CDs (H2O) 5 nm UV/blue, blue/green, green/red 24
5-Amino salicylic acid Hydrothermal CDs (H2O) 15.9 nm Green/red 25
Small intestine of pig Pyrolysis CDs/PVA (H2O) 3.36 nm UV/blue, blue/green, green/red 26
Citric acid, 2,2’-dipicolylamine Hydrothermal CDs/PVA (H2O) 4.75 nm UV/blue 27
Rosemary leaves Hydrothermal CDs/PVA (H2O) 16.13 nm UV/blue 28
Citric acid, ethylenediamine Microwave pyrolysis CDs/cellulose 20~30 nm UV/blue 29
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the development of sebaceous fingerprints using solution-dispersed O-CDs[20]
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the preparation of W-CDs[21]
Fig. 3 (a) Schematic diagram of the development of sebaceous fingerprints using solution-dispersed R-CDs; (b) Fluorescence (FL) image captured under UV light of a developed fingerprint on glass; FL images captured by a confocal fluorescence microscopy: (c) dark field after 30 min drying, (d) dark field and (e) bright field after 60 min drying, (f) merged image of (d) and (e)[23]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society
Fig. 4 (a) Schematic diagram of the development of sebaceous fingerprints using solution-dispersed CDs/PVA; (b) schematic diagram of the preparation of solution-dispersed CDs/PVA; images of a fingerprint transferred from glass to CDs/PVA film: captured under (c) day light and (d) UV light; (e) FL emission spectra of fingerprint ridge area and background area of the CDs/PVA film under excitation light of 400 nm; FL microscopy images of a fingerprint transferred from glass to CDs/PVA film, captured under different excitation wavelengths: (f) 360 nm, (g) 430 nm and (h) 530 nm[26]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society
Table 2 Summary of fingerprint development using CDs powders
Precursors of CDs Synthesis of CDs Development material Particle size Ex/Em ref
o-Phenylenediamine, 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid Pyrolysis CDs powder 4.6 nm UV/green 38
Sodium citrate, carbamide Pyrolysis CDs powder 5~15 nm UV/green 39
Phloroglucinol, boric acid Pyrolysis CDs powder 2.4 nm Green/red 40
Citric acid, glutathione Microwave pyrolysis CDs powder 5.3 nm UV/blue, purple/green, blue/yellow 41
Citric acid, piperazine Microwave pyrolysis CDs powder 3.2 nm UV/olivine 42
Phthalic acid, piperazine Microwave pyrolysis CDs powder 1.5 nm UV/olivine 43
Citric acid, (1S,2S)-(+)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine Microwave pyrolysis CDs powder 0.75~3.5 nm UV/blue 44
Citric acid, polyethyleneimine Microwave pyrolysis CDs powder 2~10 nm UV/blue 45
Grains (wheat, corn, sorghum and rice) Hydrothermal CDs powder 2~25 nm UV/blue 46
Polyvinylpyrrolidone Hydrothermal CDs powder 6.5 nm UV/orange 47
Enokitake mushroom Hydrothermal CDs powder 4 nm UV/blue 48
Sodium citrate, carbamide Solvothermal CDs powder 3.52 nm UV/blue, blue/green, green/red 49
Fig. 5 (a) Schematic diagram of the development of sebaceous fingerprints using N,S-SFCDs powder; (b) FL images captured under different excitation wavelengths of a developed fingerprint on aluminum foil[41]. Copyright 2018, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Table 3 Summary of fingerprint development using CDs-based composite powders
Precursors of CDs Synthesis of CDs Development material Particle size Ex/Em ref
Malic acid, ammonium oxalate Pyrolysis CDs/starch — UV/blue 50
Citric acid, glycine Hydrothermal CDs/starch — UV/blue 51
p-Phenylenediamine Solvothermal CDs/starch — UV/red 52
Citric acid, p-phenylenediamine, phytic acid Solvothermal CDs/starch 5 μm Green/red 53
Gelatin Hydrothermal Fe3O4@SiO2/CDs 120 nm UV/blue 54
Potato peel, melamine Hydrothermal CDs/ZnO — UV/blue 55
Banana peel Hydrothermal CDs/Al2O3 — White/— 56
Citric acid, cysteine Microwave pyrolysis CDs/PGV — UV/blue 57
Citric acid, carbamide Microwave pyrolysis CDs/MMT — UV/green 58
Citric acid, ethanolamine Pyrolysis CDs/(SiO2 or laponite) — UV/blue, blue/green, green/red 59
Gum ghatti Microwave pyrolysis CDs/SiO2 — UV/blue 60
Citric acid, thiourea Pyrolysis CDs/SiO2 — UV/blue 61
Dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride Pyrolysis SiO2@CDs 22 nm UV/blue, blue/green, green/red 62
[3-(2-Aminoethyl-amino)propyl]
trimethoxysilane, citric acid		 Hydrothermal SiO2@CDs 0.5 μm UV/blue 63
Citric acid, cysteine Microwave pyrolysis CDs/SiO2 34 nm UV/blue 64
N-(β-2-Amino-ethyl)-γ-
aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, citric acid		 Pyrolysis CDs/SiO2 141 nm UV/blue, blue/green, green/red 65
Pomegranate peel Hydrothermal CDs/TiO2 6 μm White/— 66
Citric acid, glycine Hydrothermal CDs/ZIF-8 0.4 μm UV/blue, blue/green, green/yellow 67
Safranine T Hydrothermal CDs/B2O3 2 nm Vis/blue 68
Sodium citrate, (3-aminopropyl)
triethoxysilane		 Hydrothermal CDs/SiO2 0.1 μm UV/blue 69
Citrate, thiourea, (3-aminopropyl)
triethoxysilane		 Solvothermal CDs/SiO2 10.86 nm UV/green 70
Rice husk, ethylenediamine Sol-gel CDs/SiO2 3.75 nm UV/green 71
Fig. 6 (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation of R-CDs/starch composite powder and its application in the development of sebaceous fingerprints; (b) FL images captured under green light of developed fingerprints on glass (left), paper (middle) and plastic (right); eight details are marked with color circles; (c) image processing of a developed fingerprint on paper: color image, grayscale image, normalized image and binary image[53]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society
Fig. 7 Schematic diagram of the preparation of G-CDs/MMT composite powder and its application in the development of eccrine fingerprints[58]
Fig. 8 (a) TEM image of SiO2@CDs; (b) FL emission spectra of SiO2@CDs dispersed in solution measured under different excitation wavelengths; (c) FL images of a developed fingerprint captured under different excitation wavelengths[62]. Copyright 2016, The Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 9 (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation of CDs/B2O3 composite powder; (b) images of CDs/B2O3 composite powder captured before and after removing visible light; (c) long afterglow images of developed fingerprints on glass (left), weighing paper (middle) and porcelain cup (right) captured after removing visible light[68]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society
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