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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (6): 1402-1413 DOI: 10.7536/PC210727 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

A Review of Inorganic Aqueous Flow Battery

Mingjun Nan1, Lin Qiao1(), Yuqin Liu1, Huamin Zhang1,2, Xiangkun Ma1()   

  1. 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
    2 Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Lin Qiao, Xiangkun Ma
  • Supported by:
    Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(3132021179); Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA21070100)
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Flow battery (FB), an important technology for large-scale energy storage, has the advantages of high safety, long cycle life, environmental friendliness, and so on. FBs can stabilize the fluctuation of renewable energy output, help to promote the large-scale application of renewable energy, and further achieve the goal of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality. Inorganic aqueous flow batteries with high energy efficiency and stable cycle performance are attracting increasing attention. This paper introduces the technology status and application demonstration of the commercial inorganic aqueous flow battery. Then, the principle, current state, and technology challenges of new-type inorganic aqueous flow batteries are summarized. Finally, this paper points out the goals of inorganic aqueous flow batteries for the next 15 years, pointing out the development direction of inorganic aqueous flow batteries.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Liquid-liquid aqueous flow battery

2.1 Fe-Cr flow battery

2.2 Vanadium flow battery

2.3 Other types of liquid-liquid aqueous flow battery

3 Liquid-deposition aqueous flow battery

3.1 Zn-Br flow battery

3.2 Other types of liquid-deposition aqueous flow battery

4 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: flow battery, inorganic aqueous flow battery, liquid-liquid aqueous flow battery, liquid-deposition aqueous flow battery
Fig. 1 The standard electrode potential of inorganic ion pairs
Fig. 2 The schematic diagram of liquid-liquid aqueous flow battery system structure
Table 1 The typical VFB demonstration projects in China between 2010 to 2021
Project name Year Function Power/capacity
Zhangbei energy storage
test base		 2010 Peak load shifting and experiments 0.5 MW/1 MW·h
National scenic storage and transportation demonstration base 2012 Peak load shifting 2 MW/8 MW·h
Woniushi wind farm energy storage project 2013 Smoothing wind power output 5 MW/10 MW·h
National Hefeng Beizhen wind field energy storage project 2013 Peak load shifting and power grid support 2 MW/4 MW·h
Heishan Longwan wind farm energy storage base 2014 Smoothing wind power output 3 MW/6 MW·h
Dalian flow battery energy storage peaking power station national demonstration project 2016 Peak load shifting and power grid support 200 MW/800 MW·h
Zaoyang integrated demonstration project of light energy storage and use 2017 Grid auxiliary 10 MW/40 MW·h
Sichuan sewage treatment Plant Project 2017 Peak load shifting 0.08 MW/0.48 MW·h
Liaoning Datang wind storage project 2019 Peak load shifting 10 MW/40 MW·h
Chengde Dongliang wind farm project 2020 Peak load shifting 2 MW/8 MW·h
Chengde Senjitu
wind storage demonstration project		 2021 Peak load shifting 3 MW/12 MW·h
Fig. 3 The reaction mechanism of V-Mn FB[76]
Fig. 4 (a) The reaction mechanism of V-Fe FB; (b) the CV curve of V-Fe FB[80]
Fig. 5 The development status of ZBFB abroad
Fig. 6 (a) The reaction mechanism of ZISFB; (b) the performance comparison of ZIFB[101]
Fig. 7 (a) The reaction mechanism of ZVFB; (b) The CV of Zn0/2+ and VO2+/ VO 2 + ][102]
Fig. 8 (a) The reaction mechanism of Sn-Fe FB; (b) the efficiency of Sn-Fe FB[108]
Fig. 9 (a) The reaction mechanism of TMSFB; (b) the CV of TiO2+/Ti3+ and Mn2+/Mn3+/MnO2; (c) the battery life of TMSFB[114]
Fig. 10 Forecast of FB development
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Abstract

A Review of Inorganic Aqueous Flow Battery