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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (6): 1359-1368 DOI: 10.7536/PC210633 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Silk Fibroin-Based 3D Printing Strategies for Biomedical Applications

Xiaoxue Gu, Jing Yu, Mingying Yang, Yajun Shuai()   

  1. Research Institute of Applied Bioresources, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Yajun Shuai
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31800807); Zhejiang Provincial Science and Technology Plans(LY22E030004); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2020QNA6028); State of Sericulture Industry Technology System(CARS-18-ZJ0501)
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Additive manufacturing, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, drives comprehensive innovations and upgrades in manufacturing, engineering, medicine, and other fields. 3D printing technology has made great progress in the biomedicine field in the past decade due to its ability to customize the complex 3D microstructures of organisms and construct biomimetic functional living tissues or artificial organs. In addition, silk fibroin (SF) is a natural organic polymer with abundant sources, biodegradable, excellent mechanical properties, and good cytocompatibility, which provides a promising choice for the design of 3D-printing inks. However, as a structural protein, single-component SF has limited physiological functions, and poor stability after printing, which limits the further development of SF in 3D printing and biomedical fields. For these reasons, researchers combined advanced 3D printing technologies with chemical modification methods to make the modified SF easy to be used for 3D printing and develop into a valuable biomaterial. Here, this article reviews the structural characteristics of SF, chemical modification strategies of SF, preparation strategies of printing inks and the latest application progress of 3D printed SF materials in the biomedical field. Meanwhile, we also look forward to the future development trend of 3D printed SF biomaterials, which provides a useful guideline for its application in a wider field.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The structures and characteristics of SF

3 Preparation strategies of bio-inks

3.1 Compounding with polymers

3.2 Compounding with inorganics

3.3 Self cross-linking

3.4 Chemical modification

4 3D printing technologies

4.1 Inkjet

4.2 Extrusion

4.3 Photo-curing

5 Applications in the field of biomedical

5.1 Blood vessel regeneration

5.2 Cartilage repair

5.3 Bone repair

5.4 Skin healing

6 Conclusions and outlook

Key words: 3D printing, silk fibroin, bio-ink, biomaterial
Table 1 The properties of bio-inks based on SF
Types of bio-inks Printing methods Young’s modulus Print resolution (μm) Tissues or cells ref
SF-Gelatin (Composite) Extrusion 1.4 kPa 65~200 Soft tissue 20
SF-GelMA (Composite) Extrusion 40 kPa 300 Endothelial cells 34
SF- HA (Composite) Inkjet NA 80 Hard tissue 35
SF-cellulose nanofibers (Composite) Extrusion 267 kPa 410 Lung cells 36
SF-cellulose nanofibers (Composite) Extrusion 187 kPa 400 Meniscus 37
SF (Self cross-linking) Inkjet NA 200 Fibroblast cells 38
SF (Self cross-linking ) Extrusion 5.6 GPa 100 Cartilage tissue 39
SF-Methacrylic (Modification) Photo-curing 15 kPa 70 Cartilage tissue 40
Fig. 1 Cytocompatibility and cellular response of SF-OBC scaffold[36]. (a) The live and dead staining images for 3 days, and (b) and (c) for 7 days. (d) LSCM of LESCs. (e) SEM of the cells/scaffold. (f) is the magnification of (e). (g) and (h) are the immunofluorescence staining of LESCs. (i) Cell viability. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature
Fig. 2 3D printed products using Sil-MA ink showed complex organ structures[40]. Copyright 2018, Nature Communications
Fig. 3 Mechanical stability of hydrogel[60]. (a) Enzymatic reaction high molecular weight silk fibroin (SF-E5) and photocrosslinking reaction high molecular weight Silk fibroin (SF-P5). (b) Enzymatic reaction low molecular weight silk fibroin (SF-E30) and photocrosslinking reaction low molecular weight silk fibroin (SF-P30). Copyright 2019, Advanced Healthcare Materials
Fig. 4 Introduction of inkjet, extrusion, and digit light processing bioprinters
Table 2 Comparison of bioprinter types
Types Printing speed Cell viability (%) Cell density/(mL) ref
Extrusion printer 1~10000
drops/s		 >85 <106 61
Inkjet printer 10~50 μm/s 40~80 <108 62
Photo-curing printer 500 mm/h > 90 105 63,64
Fig. 5 The 3D-printed scaffold material is used for full-thickness skin wounds[96]. (a) Full-thickness skin wounds. (b) A full-thickness skin wound covering the printing scaffold. (c-h) Gross observation of newly formed tissues. Copyright 2017, Springer Nature
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