The Use of Rare Earths in Catalysts for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx

doi:10.7536/PC210630

Nitrogen oxides (NO_x) can be reduced by technology of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with NH₃, while the spent commercial V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts with biotoxicity for SCR technology is recognized as hazardous wastes in China. Rare earths (REEs) possess unique 4f electron orbit ensuring superior performance of oxygen storage and release, which plays a significant role in catalytic reaction. Thus, REEs are the important research subject in SCR catalysts recently and the proposed substitutes for V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts. This review mainly summarizes the progress of 12 REEs including Ce, Sm and La in novel SCR catalysts in recent 5 years, and there is seldom study on Sc, Lu, etc. We primarily review the effect of REEs on improving the catalytic activity, N₂ selectivity and stability of Mn-, Fe-, V- and other based DeNOx catalysts. The REEs mainly improve the redox behavior via the formation of redox couples with other transition elements and providing more oxygen vacancies. In the aspect of resistance towards SO₂, the REEs, such as Ce and Sm, could suppress the oxidation of SO₂ to SO₃ and attract the poison of SO₂ from the main active components, thus improving the resistance towards SO₂. We also review the molding and application of REEs-based catalysts. Additionally, the primitive design strategy of SCR catalysts is proposed, and the development prospect of REEs-based catalysts is forecast finally.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Reaction mechanism and design of catalysts

3 Ce-based SCR catalysts

3.1 Single ceria-based catalysts

3.2 Mn-Ce based catalysts

3.3 Fe-Ce based catalysts

3.4 V-Ce based catalysts

3.5 Other Ce-containing catalysts

4 Sm, La and other REEs in SCR catalysts

4.1 Sm in SCR catalysts

4.2 La in SCR catalysts

4.3 Other REEs in SCR catalysts

5 Molding and application of REEs-based catalysts

6 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: rare earths, deNOx, selective catalytic reduction, redox, surface acidity, reaction mechanism

Fig. 2 NO conversion of NH3-SCR over CeO2 calcined in air, CeO2-Ar calcined in Ar and retested CeO2-Ar (reaction condition: 150 mg catalysts, [NO] = [NH3] = 650 ppm, [O2] = 5 vol% and flow rate of 300 mL·min-1)[8]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier

Table 1 summary of catalytic activities of some Mn-Ce catalysts

Catalysts	Preparation	Reaction conditions	NO conversions	ref
Mn₃CeO_x	Coprecipitation	[NO] = [NH₃] = 500 ppm, [O₂] = 5 vol%, GHSV = 100 000 h^-1	83%~97% (125~200 ℃)	22
C $e (0.12)$ -K-OMS-2	Reflux	[NO] = [NH₃] = 600 ppm, [O₂] = 6 vol%, GHSV = 64 000 h^-1	100% (140~230 ℃)	45
Ce-Mn/ZSM-5	Impregnation	[NO] = [NH₃] = 1000 ppm, [O₂] = 3 vol%, GHSV = 22 500 h^-1	80% (265~465 ℃)	46
C $e (1.0)$ Mn/TiO₂	in situ growth	[NO] = [NH₃] = 1000 mg· $m - 3$ , [O₂] = 3 vol%, GHSV = 10 500 h^-1	85%~100% (100~300 ℃)	47
5%Mn-Ce/ACN	Impregnation	[NO] = [NH₃] = 800 ppm, [O₂] = 3 vol%, GHSV = 22 070 h^-1	>90% (120~250 ℃)	48
Mn-Ce_(0.4)/AC	Impregnation	[NO] = [NH₃] = 500 ppm, [O₂] = 5 vol%, GHSV = 18 000 h^-1	>90% (100~300 ℃)	49
Mn-Ce/AC	Impregnation	[NO] = [NH₃] = 500 ppm, [O₂] = 11 vol%, GHSV = 12 000 h^-1	54%~92% (100~200 ℃)	50

Table 1 summary of catalytic activities of some Mn-Ce catalysts

Catalysts	Preparation	Reaction conditions	NO conversions	ref
Mn₃CeO_x	Coprecipitation	[NO] = [NH₃] = 500 ppm, [O₂] = 5 vol%, GHSV = 100 000 h^-1	83%~97% (125~200 ℃)	22
C $e (0.12)$ -K-OMS-2	Reflux	[NO] = [NH₃] = 600 ppm, [O₂] = 6 vol%, GHSV = 64 000 h^-1	100% (140~230 ℃)	45
Ce-Mn/ZSM-5	Impregnation	[NO] = [NH₃] = 1000 ppm, [O₂] = 3 vol%, GHSV = 22 500 h^-1	80% (265~465 ℃)	46
C $e (1.0)$ Mn/TiO₂	in situ growth	[NO] = [NH₃] = 1000 mg· $m - 3$ , [O₂] = 3 vol%, GHSV = 10 500 h^-1	85%~100% (100~300 ℃)	47
5%Mn-Ce/ACN	Impregnation	[NO] = [NH₃] = 800 ppm, [O₂] = 3 vol%, GHSV = 22 070 h^-1	>90% (120~250 ℃)	48
Mn-Ce_(0.4)/AC	Impregnation	[NO] = [NH₃] = 500 ppm, [O₂] = 5 vol%, GHSV = 18 000 h^-1	>90% (100~300 ℃)	49
Mn-Ce/AC	Impregnation	[NO] = [NH₃] = 500 ppm, [O₂] = 11 vol%, GHSV = 12 000 h^-1	54%~92% (100~200 ℃)	50

Fig. 7 Schematization of surface acidity and redox properties and transient-response experiment results: NH3 adsorption (not shown) + transient NO pulse over pretreated (a) VOx/CeO2 (0.3 g), (b) H-SSZ-13 (0.03 g) and (c) mechanical mixture of VOx/CeO2 + H-SSZ-13 (0.3 g + 0.03 g). T = 473 K, O2 = H2O = 0%, NO = 350 ppm, ?ow rate = 3.33 cm3·s-1 NTP[26]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier

Fig. 8 TEM images and schematic illustrations of (a1-3) CeO2-R ({110}, {100}), (b1-3) CeO2-P ({111}) and (c1-3) CeO2-C ({100})[68]. Copyright 2021, China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House

Fig. 11 (a) NO conversion of CeSi2 in the presence of 500 ppm SO2 at 225 ℃ (reaction condition: [NO] = [NH3] = 500 ppm, [O2] = 5 vol%); (b) NO conversion of fresh CeSi2 and the used CeSi2 (500 ppm of the SO2 resistance test at 225 ℃, WHSV = 48 000 mL·g-1·h-1, the used sample was denoted as CeSi2-225-500); (c) Scheme of the reaction mechanism and reaction performance on fresh and sulfated samples[82]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society

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The Use of Rare Earths in Catalysts for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO_x

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The Use of Rare Earths in Catalysts for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO_x