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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (5): 1166-1180 DOI: 10.7536/PC210513 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Graphene-Based Artificial Intelligence Flexible Sensors

Hongji Jiang1(), Meili Wang1, Zhiwei Lu1, Shanghui Ye1, Xiaochen Dong2()   

  1. 1. State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing 210023, China
    2. Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Hongji Jiang, Xiaochen Dong
  • Supported by:
    Major Basic Research Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology(2012CB933301); General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21574068); Construction Project of Superior Disciplines in Jiangsu Universities(YX03001)
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Skin is the largest organ of the human body and can perceive and respond to complex environmental stimuli. As a 2D atomic layer of sp2-hybridized carbon arranged in a hexagonal network, graphene is regarded as a promising material for nanoelectronics owing to its high crystallinity and interesting semimetal electronic properties. In addition, graphene has extremely strong perception ability and high selectivity for different stimuli, and graphene-based materials have been widely used as key perceiving materials of artificial flexible sensors to imitate the flexibility and stretchability of human skin, which is one of the most promising wearable and sensing materials for potential commercialization. This paper first introduces the main working mechanisms of piezoresistive type, capacitive type, piezoelectric type and transistor type, as well as the key performance evaluation parameters such as sensitivity, detection range, response speed and so on of sensors. At the same time, the advantages and synthesis methods of graphene materials are also briefly summarized. In conjunction of our recent research works of graphene-based composite materials made up of graphene and polyaniline, Ag nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, Ni(OH)2(Ⅱ) and quantum dots for flexible sensors, this paper then reviews the applications of graphene-based single function flexible sensors in detecting pressure, strain, temperature, humidity, chemical molecules, biomolecules, gas and other fields, as well as several graphene-based multifunctional flexible sensors. Finally, the future development of graphene-based flexible sensors is prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Flexible sensors

2.1 Flexible sensor features

2.2 The sensing mechanism of flexible sensors

2.3 Performance parameters of flexible sensors

3 Graphene

3.1 Synthesis of graphene-based materials

3.2 Sensing properties of graphene-based materials

4 Graphene-based single function flexible sensors

4.1 Graphene-based flexible pressure sensors

4.2 Graphene-based flexible strain sensors

4.3 Graphene-based flexible humidity sensors

4.4 Graphene-based flexible temperature sensors

4.5 Graphene-based other flexible sensors

5 Graphene-based multifunctional flexible sensors

5.1 Pressure/strain sensors

5.2 Pressure/humidity/temperature sensors

5.3 Strain/humidity/temperature sensors

5.4 Pressure/strain/humidity/temperature sensors

5.5 Graphene-based other multifunctional flexible sensors

6 Conclusion and prospect

Key words: graphene, wearable, flexible sensor, single function, multifunction
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of four different sensing mechanisms: (a) piezoresistive sensing, (b) capacitive sensing, (c) piezoelectric sensing[9], and (d) air-dielectric field effect transistor sensing[10]
Fig. 2 Preparation process of graphene through Hummer method[33]
Fig. 3 (a) Applications for wrist pulse detection, (b) pulse waveform of the tester, (c) application for respiration detection, (d) response curves for breathing before and after exercise, (e~h) response curves of different actions[50]
Fig. 4 Schematic illustration of piezoresistivity of graphene sheets[64]
Fig. 5 (a) schematic diagram of manufacturing process of strain sensor based on 3D graphene/carbon nanotube full carbon synergistic nano-architecture, (b) photo of bending strain sensor, (c) scanning electron microscope image of 3D graphene/carbon nanotube skeleton, (d) gauge factors under different strains, (e) schematic illustration of the crack bridged in 3D graphene/carbon nanotube[79]
Fig. 6 (a)The resistance of the resistive graphene humidity sensor changes with relative humidity in different humidity environments, (b) interaction of water molecules with surface of graphene[47]
Fig. 7 (a) Schematic diagram of the humidity testing system, (b) schematic of humidity sensing at graphene oxide films[85]
Fig. 8 (a) Schematic diagram of temperature sensing of graphene-based thermal field effect transistors[97]. (b) Preparation process and (c) thermal response/recovery schematic of graphene nanowall/polydimethylsiloxane temperature sensors[45]
Fig. 9 (a) Schematic diagram of preparation process of polydiacetylene/graphene stacked composite film, self-assembling molecular structure of polydiacetylene on graphene: (b) before and (c) after polymerization, and (d) exposure to volatile organic compound vapors, (e) photographs of the polydiacetylene/graphene after exposure to different organic vapors[108]
Fig. 10 Schematic diagram of graphite field-effect transistor biosensor for cytokine biomarker detection[117]
Fig. 11 Relative resistance changes of the graphene porous network-polydimethylsiloxane composites under (a) static compression and (b) tensile, relative resistance changes under (c) pressure and (d) tensile cycle[140]
Fig. 12 (a) Fabrication of a stretchable multi-modal all-graphene electronic skin sensor matrix, (b) schematic diagram of multi-modal electronic skin sensor, (c) the circuit diagram of the sensor matrix, (d) the light transmittance of the sensor matrix[142]
Fig. 13 The current response of the sensors under multiple stimuli of (a) pressure and temperature, (b) pressure and strain, and (c) strain and humidity, (d) schematic of the sensing mechanism of the sensor under different stimuli[146]
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