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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (4): 884-897 DOI: 10.7536/PC210407 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Smartphone-Based Point-of-Care Testing

Tingyi Yan1, Guangyao Zhang1,2(), Kun Yu1, Mengjie Li1, Lijun Qu1,2(), Xueji Zhang3()   

  1. 1 Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University,Qingdao 266071, China
    2 State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University,Qingdao 266071, China
    3 School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University,Shenzhen 518060, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Guangyao Zhang, Lijun Qu, Xueji Zhang
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(21890742); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21727815); Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020QB092); Postdoctoral Applied Research Project of Qingdao(202142); State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles(ZKT23); State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles(GZRC202025)
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The outbreak of the COVID-19 has increased the demand for point-of-care testing (POCT), and as the most indispensable tools for human beings at present, smartphones have great application potential in POCT. Smartphone-based POCT has the following unique advantages: (1) easy to operate and without the need for professional training; (2) shorter wait times and quicker test results; (3) low fabrication cost and convenient to use in limited-resource areas. Therefore, smartphone-based POCT is rapidly emerging as a potential alternative to traditional laboratory testing. Herein, we perform a comprehensive review of recent progress and applications of smartphone-based sensors in POCT for the past three years, which uses the tested objects (body fluids, volatile organic compounds, vital signs) by POCT as the basis for classification, and combines with the current mainstream sensing strategies, including colorimetric, fluorescent, electrochemical technology, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ultrasonic and photoelectric sensor, etc. We evaluate the performance and development potential of these sensors, in addition, the emerging technologies used in POCT are introduced, such as nanotechnology, flexible electronic devices, microfluidic technology, biodegradable technology, self-powered technology, multi-channel detection and so on. Finally, current problems are summarized and the future development of the smartphone-based POCT is discussed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Body fluids detection

2.1 Blood

2.2 Sweat

2.3 Saliva

2.4 Tear

2.5 Urine

3 VOCs detection

3.1 Hydrocarbon

3.2 Formaldehyde

3.3 Acetone and ethanol

4 Vital signs detection

4.1 Pulse and blood pressure

4.2 Body temperature

4.3 Heartbeat and respiration

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: smartphone, point-of-care testing, body fluids, volatile organic compounds, vital signs
Fig. 1 POCT based on blood test. (A) Smartphone-based colorimetric detection system[29]. (B) Smartphone-based acoustofluidic platform[33]. (C) Bioluminescence reaction on μTADs[34]. (D) Procedure for antibody detection with μTADs[34]
Fig. 2 POCT based on sweat test. (A) Self-healing sweat sensor[43]. (B) Wearable sweat glucose sensor[44]. (C) Microfluidic check valve[44]. (D) Battery-free multi-channel sweat sensor[45]. (E, F) Smartphone-based fluorescence imaging system[46]
Fig. 3 POCT based on saliva test. (A) Smartphone-based fluorescence reader[51]. (B) CRISPR-Fluorescence Detection System[51]
Fig. 4 Microfluidic contact lenses for the colorimetric sensing of tear metabolites[54,55]
Fig. 5 Smartphone-based non-invasive glucose monitoring contact lens[56]
Fig. 6 Smartphone-based uric acid detection[61]
Fig. 7 Milli-Cantilever sensing mechanism[64]
Fig. 8 Smartphone-based formaldehyde sensor[66]
Fig. 9 POCT based on acetone and ethanol test. (A)Schematic illustration of wearable smart wristband[68]. (B, C) Wireless portable VOCs sensing system based on multiple CMUT sensors[69]
Fig. 10 POCT based on pulse and blood test. (A) Smartphone-based fingertip-contacted pressure sensor[72]. (B) Nanos hemispherical structure[72]. (C) Fabrication process of flexible degradable wearable pressure sensor[73]
Fig. 11 POCT based on body temperature test. (A) Portable infrared thermopile sensor[75]. (B) Application user interface[75]. (C) Offset correction by Thermal wristband[76]
Fig. 12 POCT based on heartbeat and respiration test. (A) Non-contact heartbeat and respiration monitoring[77]. (B) HM-SPS strip[77]. (C) Wireless wearable ultrasound sensor[78]
Table 1 Application of the smartphone-based POCT
Samples Advantages Disadvantage Methods Ref
Blood High accuracy
Fast response
Easy collection
Real-time		 invasive Colorimetric
Fluorescence
Bioluminescence		 29
33
34
Sweat Non-invasive
Rich composition		 Difficult collection
Low stability
Non-real-time		 Colorimetric
Fluorescence
Electrochemical		 44,45
46
43
Saliva Non-invasive
Easy collection
Real-time		 Low stability Fluorescence
Electrochemical		 51
50
Tears Non-invasive Difficult collection Colorimetric
Image detection		 54,55
56
Urine Non-invasive
High accuracy		 Non-real-time Colorimetric
Fluorescence		 60
61,62
VOCs Non-invasive
Real-time
Low consumption		 Low accuracy
Low stability		 Colorimetric
Electrochemical
Image detection
Ultrasonic		 65,66
67,68
64
69
Vital signs Non-invasive
High stability
Real-time
Low consumption		 Low accuracy Piezoelectric
Ultrasonic
Photoelectric
Thermopile
Thermal imaging		 72,73,77
78
74
75
76
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Abstract

Smartphone-Based Point-of-Care Testing