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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (4): 898-908 DOI: 10.7536/PC210401 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial g-C3N4 in Application of Electrochemiluminescence

Yu Lin, Xuecai Tan(), Yeyu Wu, Fucun Wei, Jiawen Wu, Panpan Ou   

  1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for Food Safety and Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Nanning 530008, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Xuecai Tan
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(21365004); Sub-Project of Guangxi Science and Technology Major Project(AA18118013-10); Guangxi Key Research and Development Program(AB18126048); Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talents Special Project(AD18126005); Guangxi Graduate Education Innovation Project(JGY2019062); Guangxi Higher Education Undergraduate Teaching Reform Project(2015JGA194); 2021 Guangxi Doctoral Innovation Project(YCBZ2021060)
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Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) combines the characteristics of electrochemistry and chemiluminescence. Because of its high sensitivity, wide linear range and low background interference, electrochemiluminescence has attracted the attention of many researchers in analytical science. Although the traditional luminescent materials of ECL have high luminous efficiency, they still have some disadvantages, such as high price, lower sample load, etc. g-C3N4 is a kind of metal-free semiconductor nanomaterial, which is based on triazine ring or heptazine ring as the basic structural unit. g-C3N4 is a two-dimensional graphite-like layered structure bonded by vander Waals forces between layers and C—N covalent bonds within layers. Since g-C3N4 was first discovered to have ECL performance in 2012, it had been widely used in the development and fabrication of ECL sensors, due to its advantages, such as stable property, unique band structure, good biocompatibility, better environmental performance, easy to function, inexpensive ingredients and simple preparation process. The research progresses of g-C3N4 in ECL sensor construction in recent years were reviewed, according to the mechanism of ECL luminescence, the effect of sensor, the signal type of sensor,and the different types of detection objects. And the challenges and prospects of g-C3N4 in ECL development were described as well.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Classification according to luminescence mechanism

2.1 ECL cathodic co-reactant

2.2 ECL anode co-reactant

2.3 Other co-reactant

3 Classification according to sensor effect

3.1 Enhanced ECL sensor

3.2 Quenching ECL sensor

3.3 ECL sensors for both enhancement and quenching

4 Classification according to the signal type of the ECL sensor

4.1 Single signal ECL sensor

4.2 Double signal ECL sensor

5 Classification according to the target

5.1 Ions and small molecules

5.2 Nucleic acid

5.3 Protein immune

6 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: g-C3N4, electrochemiluminescence, sensor
Fig. 1 (a) The development process of ECL from 1964 to 2002[16]; (b) the development process of ECL from 2002 to present
Fig. 2 Two basic structural units of g-C3N4: (a) C3N3, (b) C6N7
Fig. 3 (a) The enhanced ECL sensor for SCCA detection based on Ag-g-C3N4[49]; (b) construction process of enhanced ECL sensor based on g-C3N4-CD-Fc-COOH[50]
Fig. 4 The construction of quenching ECL sensor based on g-C3N4/APBA/PANI[52]
Fig. 5 (a) Construction of ECL sensor which signal increased at the early stage and then decreased[55];(b) construction of ECL sensor which signal decreased at the early stage and then increased[56];(c) construction of ECL sensor which signal enhanced, quenched then increased respectively[57]
Fig. 6 Construction of single signal ECL sensor based on C60/g-C3N4[60]
Fig. 7 (a) Construction of dual wavelength ratio ECL sensor based on g-C3N4 and Ru(bpy)32+[61];(b) construction of double potential ratio ECL sensor based on g-C3N4[48]
Table 1 The application of electrochemiluminescence sensor based on g-C3N4 in ions or small molecules detection
Target Material Linear range Detection limit ref
Cu2+ g-C3N4 2.5~100 nmol/L 0.9 nmol/L 31
Cu2+ g-C3N4 42.45~115.54 μmol/L 6.96 μmol/L 65
Cu2+ C,N QDs@g-C3N4 NSs 5 × 10-4~10 μmol/L 2 × 10-4 μmol/L 66
Cu2+ g-C3N4 0~45 nmol/L 1.2 nmol/L 67
Cu2+ g-C3N4/GO 1.0 × 1~1.0 × 1 mol/L 1.0 × 10-11mol/L 68
Pb2+ g-C3N4 QDs@NPG 0.05~20 nmol/L 0.02 nmol/L 69
GSH g-C3N4 0~100 μmol/L 9.6 nmol/L 70
GSH g-C3N4/MnO2 0.2~100 μmol/L 0.05 μmol/L 71
dopamine g-C3N4/MWCNTs 4.0 × 10-10~3.0 × 10-7 mol/L 0.19 nmol/L 42
dopamine g-C3N4/PANI 0.10 pM~5.0 nmol/L 0.033 pmol/L 52
dopamine Ag-g-C3N4 0.015~150 μmol/L 0.005 μmol/L 72
glucose Au-g-C3N4 0.1~8000 μmol/L 0.05 μmol/L 73
dopamine Au NF@g-C3N4-PANI 5.0 × 10-9~1.6 × 10-6 mol/L 1.7 × 10-9 mol/L 74
dopamine g-C3N4-PTCA 6.0 pM~30.0 nmol/L 2.4 pmol/L 75
Pen Hb/Au-g-C3N4 1.0 × 10-4~5.0 × 10-3 mol/L 3.1 × 10-5 mol/L 76
folic acid g-C3N4-rGO 0.1~90 nmol/L 62 pmol/L 77
glucose Ppy/Plu/C3N4-Ni(OH)2/GOx 0.5~500 μmol/L 0.04 μmol/L 78
diclofenac GO-g-C3N4/MWCNTs-AuNPs 0.005~1000 ng/mL 1.7 pg/mL 49
gibberellin Au-g-C3N4 4.0 × 10-14~7.0 × 10-11mol/L 1.64 × 10-14mol/L 79
gatifloxacin rGO-CuS-g-C3N4 1.0 × 10-4~1.0 × 10-8 mol/L 3.5 × 10-9 mol/L 80
adrenaline g-C3N4 /MWCNTs 1.0 × 10-9~1.5 × 10-6 mol/L 0.21 nmol/L 81
riboflavin g-CN QDs 0.02~11 μmol/L 0.63 nmol/L 82
Cu2+ g-C3N4 NSs/GQDs 5.5 × 10-10~4.5 × 10-6 mol/L 3.7 × 10-10 mol/L 83
PFOA MIP@utg-C3N4 0.02~40.0 ng/mL 0.01 ng/mL 84
BPA C-g-C3N4 0.1 pM~1 nmol/L 30 fmol/L 85
fipronil ZnO@g-C3N4 5~1000 nmol/L 1.5 nmol/L 86
Aflatoxin g-C3N4 0.005~10 ng/mL 0.004 ng/mL 87
Fig. 8 Construction of ECL gene detection sensor based on g-C3N4[88]
Table 2 The application of electrochemiluminescence immunosensor based on g-C3N4
Target Material Linear range Detection limit ref
PDGF-BB β-CD/g-C3N4 /Fc 5 × 10-13~5 × 10-7 g/mL 2.6 × 10-13g/mL 91
PDGF-BB g-C3N4 QD@g-C3N4 NHs 0.02~80 nmol/L 0.013 nmol/L 57
CEA g-C3N4/ATA 0.1 pg/mL~1 ng/mL 3 fg/mL 92
CEA Au-g-C3N4 0.02~80 ng/mL 6.8 pg/mL 93
CEA g-C3N4 0.01 pg/mL~1 ng/mL 3 fg/mL 40
CEA Ag@g-C3N4 1 pg/mL~100 ng/mL 0.35 pg/mL 94
SCCA g-C3N4-graphene 0.025~10 ng/mL 8.53 pg/mL 95
Con A Ag-g-C3N4/PANI-PTCA-DexP 0.001~50 ng/mL 0.0003 ng/mL 96
Con A g-C3N4-COOH@Glu 1 × 10-5~1 × 104 ng/mL 2.2 fg/mL 58
Con A 3D-GR-Au NPs/DexP-g-C3N4 0.05~100 ng/mL 17 pg/mL 97
AFP Au-g-C3N4 0.1 pg/mL~1 ng/mL 0.03 pg/mL 40
AFP g-C3N4-CNTs 0.3 fg/mL~0.01 ng/mL 0.1 fg/mL 98
galactosyltransferase g-C3N4-PS 5 × 10-4~0.05 U/mL 7 × 10-5 U/mL 99
Amyloid β protein g-C3N4/Ru@MOF 10-5~500 ng/mL 3.9 fg/mL 62
Amyloid β protein g-C3N4-Heme 1.0 × 10-14~1.0 × 10-7 mol/L 3.2 × 10-15mol/L 100
AChE Au-g-C3N4 0.1 pg/mL~10 ng/mL 42.3 fg/mL 44
insulin AuPtAg@HP-g-C3N4 0.05 pg/mL~100 ng/mL 17 fg/mL 101
PSA Au@g-C3N4/Ru(bpy 0.10~200 ng/mL — 102
PSA g-C3N4@Cu2O 1.0 × 10-2~120 ng/mL 3.42 × 10-3 ng/mL 103
CA125 Fe3O4/g-C3N4 0.001~5 U/mL 0.4 mU/mL 104
CA125 g-C3N4-CdTe/CdS QDs 0.0001~10 U/mL 3.4 × 10-5 U/mL 105
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