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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (3): 743-772 DOI: 10.7536/PC210320 Previous Articles   

• Review •

Indoor Formaldehyde Concentrations and the Influencing Factors in Urban China

Qiong Wang, Kang Xiao()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Kang Xiao
  • Supported by:
    NUPTSF(NY 219057); Project for laboratory work of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(2020XSG11); Jiangsu Professional Brand Construction Project of ‘Polymer materials and engineering'(PZ03019007)
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A dataset of indoor formaldehyde concentrations in more than 10394 decorated houses was collected from literature, containing 27384 rooms monitored from 2003 to 2018 with sample locations in 62 cities throughout 31 Chinese provinces. With respect to regional distribution, change pattern with years, indoor temperature and humidity, seasonal trend, room type, and the time after decoration, the indoor formaldehyde pollution status and the key factors that affect formaldehyde concentrations were analyzed. The results show that formaldehyde-polluted indoor air is widespread in China. Indoor formaldehyde concentrations largely exceeded the national standard GB/T 18883-2002 recommended limit, with most over-standard rates higher than 50%. Indoor formaldehyde concentrations decreased gradually from the enactment of the national standard GB/T 18883-2002 in 2002—2009; nevertheless, a reversal trend occurred from 2013, which demands further attention. Generally, higher indoor formaldehyde concentrations were found in rooms with higher indoor temperatures, more decoration loads, easily formaldehyde emission furnishing materials, a shorter time after decoration, and lower ventilation rates. Different trends of seasonal indoor formaldehyde concentrations were observed between the north and the south; however, whether in the north or in the south, indoor formaldehyde concentrations are higher in seasons with higher indoor temperatures and lower ventilation rates.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Methods and dataset

3 About the dataset

4 Indoor formaldehyde pollution status

5 Influencing factors

5.1 Change patterns over the years

5.2 Influence of temperature and humidity

5.3 Seasonal trends

5.4 Influence of room type

5.5 Influence of time after decoration

6 Limitations

7 Conclusions

Key words: indoor air quality, indoor formaldehyde, influencing factor, indoor temperature, interior decoration, ventilation
Fig.1 Flowchart of the bibliographic search
Table 1 The dataset details regarding indoor formaldehyde of decorated dwellings for 62 cities in 31 provinces in China
Province City
(location)a		 Test year Test month/
Season		 TS/℃b Methodc Number of samples Room type Time after
decoration/
monthd		 Indoor formaldehyde concentration/mg· m - 3 e OSR/
%f		 ref
Dwellings Rooms Aver. SD Lowest Highest
Beijing Beijing (N) 2007—2015 - - Interscan 4160
Followed HJ/T 167-2004		 390 dwellings, 47 offices 2478 Dwellings 2050,
offices 428		 >12 0.16 - - 1.39 50.8 15
Beijing (N) 2004—2014 - - Interscan 4160-19.99 51 41 Living room Newly 0.13 0.19 0.11 0.94 100 16
- 46 Bedroom Newly 0.24 0.22 0.13 1.10 100
- 15 Kitchen Newly 0.22 0.19 0.15 0.80 100
- 9 Dining room Newly 0.17 0.18 0.14 0.62 100
- 45 Toilet Newly 0.17 0.20 0.13 1.17 100
- 18 Study Newly 0.18 0.13 0.13 0.62 100
- 20 Basement Newly 0.12 0.06 0.11 0.20 100
Beijing (N) 2013 2 - DNPH 10 10 Living room - 0.0195 0.0136 0.0047 0.0426 0 17
2 Followed JIS A 1962 10 Children's room - 0.0151 0.0085 0.004 0.0312 0
9 - 10 10 Living room - 0.0315 0.0210 0.0138 0.0844 0
9 10 Children's room - 0.0269 0.0199 0.0118 0.0752 0
Beijing (N) 2003 Winter - AHMT 530 530 Dwelling <6 0.210 0.152 0.025 1.382 75.47 18
2003 Summer 389 389 Dwelling <6 0.278 0.211 0.025 1.879 91.26
2003 Winter - AHMT 155 155 Dwelling <6 0.210 0.165 0.025 1.382 71.61 18
2003 Summer 155 155 Dwelling <6 0.239 0.160 0.025 0.923 85.81
Beijing (N) 2009 Spring - Followed GB/T 18883-2002 48 48 Children's room >12 0.05 0.03 - - 4.17 19
Heilongjiang Daqing (N) 2013 1 - Interscan 4160 50 - Dwelling <1 0.37 - 0.08 2.75 64 20
- Dwelling 6 0.08 - 0 0.65 36
- Dwelling 12 0.03 - 0 0.20 12
Harbin (N) 2003 - Acac
Followed GB/T 15516-1995		 110 - Dwelling - 0.30 - 0.05 1.20 87.3 21
Jilin Changchun (N) 2003 Winter - AHMT 201 - Dwelling <6 0.412 0.208 0.025 1.285 96.02 18
Changchun (N) 2006 3~8 - Interscan 4160 - 56 - <3 0.320 0.290 0.080 0.590 96 22
- 108 - 3~6 0.19 0.17 0.06 0.28 87
- 104 - 6~12 0.08 0.11 0.02 0.22 58
Liaoning Yingkou (N) 2006 5~6 - Acac 16 30 Children's room >12 0.098 - - 0.311 26.7 23
2007 5~6 Followed GB/T 15516-1995 14 28 Children's room >12 0.110 - - 0.46 25.0
2008 5~6 15 29 Children's room >12 0.118 - - 0.536 44.8
2009 5~6 12 24 Children's room >12 0.129 - - 0.631 37.5
2010 5~6 13 25 Children's room >12 0.093 - - 0.31 24.0
2011 5~6 11 22 Children's room >12 0.071 - - 0.368 18.2
Province City
(location)a		 Test year Test month/
Season		 TS/℃b Methodc Number of samples Room type Time after
decoration/
monthd		 Indoor formaldehyde concentration/mg· m - 3 e OSR/
%f		 ref
Dwellings Rooms Aver. SD Lowest Highest
2012 5~6 15 30 Children's room >12 0.063 - - 0.213 16.7
2013 5~6 9 18 Children's room >12 0.071 - - 0.242 11.1
2014 5~6 8 16 Children's room >12 0.090 - - 0.357 18.7
2015 5~6 11 22 Children's room >12 0.044 - - 0.079 0
Fushun (N) 2016 5~11 - MBTH 30 - Dwelling <24 - - 0.002 0.987 53.3 24
Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 30 - Dwelling 24~120 - - 0.001 0.097 13.3
Dalian (N) 2013 3 - DNPH 10 10 Living room - 0.0429 0.0412 0.008 0.1017 10 17
3 Followed JIS A 1962 10 Children's room - 0.0183 0.0047 0.0124 0.0238 0
7 10 10 Living room - 0.0591 0.0458 0.018 0.1532 20
7 10 Children's room - 0.0569 0.0575 0.0134 0.1587 20
Shenyang (N) 2006 4~11 - Acac 20 60 Dwelling 1 0.39 - 0.15 0.82 100 25
Followed GB/T 18883-2002 Dwelling 3 0.20 - 0.09 0.40 95
Dwelling 6 0.12 - 0.07 0.25 35
Shenyang (N) 2008-2009 - - F300-L 186 66 - <3 0.106 0.068 0.010 0.320 34.85 26
- 63 - 3~6 0.116 0.099 0.010 0.55 68.25
- 96 - 6~12 0.097 0.110 0.010 1.620 44.79
- 201 - 12~24 0.081 0.054 0.010 0.350 39.30
- 132 - 24~36 0.057 0.028 0.010 0.180 24.24
Tianjin Tianjin (N) before 2017 - - MBTH - 25 Master bedroom 0.5~6,
2.7 in average		 0.09 - 0.01 0.37 28.00 27
- Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 - 23 Secondary bedroom 2.7 (0.5~6) 0.06 - 0 0.15 26.09
- - 17 Living room 2.7 (0.5~6) 0.08 - 0 0.27 29.41
- - 14 Kitchen 2.7 (0.5~6) 0.13 - 0.01 0.51 42.86
Inner Mongolia Baotou (N) 2014.10-2015.4 Heating season - DNPH 44 44 Children's room 81% <36
19% 36~60		 0.227 0.0880 0.106g 0.396h 100 28
2015.4-2015.10 Nonheating season 42 42 Children's room 81% <36
19% 36~60		 0.189 0.0755 0.0423g 0.305h 87.5
Xinjiang Urumqi (N) 2014-2016 - - Formaldemeter HTV 86 86 Living room <12~>60 0.117 - 0.040 0.389 48.8 29
- Followed HJ/T 167-2004 86 Master bedroom <12~>60 0.121 - 0.027 0.362 59.3
- 86 Secondary bedroom <12~>60 0.124 - 0.027 0.362 55.8
- 42 Study <12~>60 0.132 - 0.027 0.375 59.5
- 52 Kitchen <12~>60 0.134 - 0.040 0.375 63.5
Province City
(location)a		 Test year Test month/
Season		 TS/℃b Methodc Number of samples Room type Time after
decoration/
monthd		 Indoor formaldehyde concentration/mg· m - 3 e OSR/
%f		 ref
Dwellings Rooms Aver. SD Lowest Highest
Urumqi (N) 2002-2004 - - Followed GB/T 18883-2002 71 71 Dwelling Newly 0.42 - - 5.59 87.3 30
- 59 59 Dwelling <6 0.43 - - 3.17 79.7
- 46 46 Dwelling 6~12 0.41 - - 1.53 82.6
- 12 12 Dwelling 12~24 0.36 - - 1.07 75.0
- 10 10 Dwelling 24~36 0.28 - - 0.63 80.0
- 2 2 Dwelling >36 0.33 - - 0.63 50.0
Shihezi (N) 2018 3 - MBTH
Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 13 39 Dwelling <1 0.19 - 0.073 0.244 92.74 31
6 36 Dwelling 3 0.12 - 0.078 0.236 54.84
9 20 Dwelling 6 0.07 - 0.063 0.2135 11.76
Ningxia Shizuishan (N) 2003 Winter - AHMT 212 - Dwelling <6 0.610 0.311 0.104 1.712 100 18
2003 Summer 196 - <6 0.251 0.139 0.029 1.167 91.84
Shizuishan (N) 2003 Winter 25.0 AHMT 102 - Dwelling <6 0.581 0.292 0.104 1.712 100 18
2003 Summer 26.2 102 - <6 0.260 0.149 0.072 1.167 97.03
Qinghai Xining (N) 2005 1~5 - Acac
Followed GB/T 15516		 128 - - - 0.192 - 0.008 0.48 62 32
Xining (N) 2007 1~5 - LC-01A 30 - - - 0.338 0.227 0.03 0.8 86.3 33
Gansu Lanzhou (N) 2011 7~12 - SJ-C1B 10 - - 1~3 0.34 - 0.1 1.5 90 34
10 - - 4~6 0.21 - 0.08 1.42 70
10 - - 7~9 0.09 - 0.07 1.33 40
10 - - 10~12 0.07 - 0.05 1.10 20
Lanzhou (N) 2011 7~12 10-15 SJ-C1B 10 - - - 0.30 - - - - 34
15-20 10 - - - 0.34 - - - -
20-25 10 - - - 0.43 - - - -
25-30 10 - - - 0.50 - - - -
>30 10 - - - 0.61 - - - -
Lanzhou (N) 2011 7-12 - SJ-C1B 15 15 Master bedroom - 0.45 - 0.08 1.42 40 34
15 Study - 0.42 - 0.07 1.08 33
15 Living room - 0.39 - 0.08 1.22 33
15 Kitchen - 0.33 - 0.07 1.02 26
15 Children's room - 0.12 - 0.05 1.03 20
15 Toilet - 0.14 - 0.04 0.19 13
Shaanxi Xi'an (N) 2010 - - Interscan 4160-2 - - Dwelling Newly 0.15 - - 2.84 71.6 35
2011 - Followed HJ/T 167-2004 - - Dwelling Newly 0.05 - - 0.68 61.2
2012 - - - Dwelling Newly 0.12 - - 1.26 53.8
2013 - - - Dwelling Newly 0.09 - - 0.86 54.9
Province City
(location)a		 Test year Test month/
Season		 TS/℃b Methodc Number of samples Room type Time after
decoration/
monthd		 Indoor formaldehyde concentration/mg· m - 3 e OSR/
%f		 ref
Dwellings Rooms Aver. SD Lowest Highest
2014 - - - Dwelling Newly 0.13 - - 0.47 54.5
2015 - - - Dwelling Newly 0.14 - - 0.56 81.6
Tibet Lhasa (N) 2013-2015 - - MBTH 42 - - - 0.120 0.055 - - 31 14,36
Sichuan Nanchong (S) 2012-2014 - - Interscan 4160 65 65 Living room <12 0.09i - 0.02 0.32 24.6 37
- 65 Master bedroom <12 0.12i - 0.05 0.38 35.4
- 65 Secondary bedroom <12 0.10i - 0.04 0.30 27.7
- 35 Study <12 0.13i - 0.02 0.41 42.8
- 65 Kitchen <12 0.05i - 0.02 0.12 15.4
Nanchong (S) 2012-2014 - - Interscan 4160 10 50 Dwelling 1 0.34 0.12 - - 100 37
- 2 0.44 0.21 - - 96
- 3 0.28 0.11 - - 65.4
- 6 0.14 0.08 - - 25
- 9 0.12 0.06 - - 21.2
- 12 0.09 0.03 - - 12.2
Nanchong (S) 2012-2014 - <10 Interscan 4160 65 65 Living room - 0.04i - 0.03 0.12 4.6 37
- 10~25 - 0.07i - 0.02 0.16 7.7
- 25~30 - 0.12i - 0.04 0.28 24.6
- >30 - 0.18i - 0.06 0.32 44.6
Nanchong (S) 2011 - - MBTH - 101 Dwelling 3~18 0.22 - 0.02 0.94 77.8 38
2012 - Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 - 95 Dwelling 3~18 0.16 - 0.01 1.12 48.4
2013 - - 49 Dwelling 3~18 0.15 - 0.05 0.61 46.9
Chengdu (S) 2008 - - MBTH 80 80 Living room Newly 0.153 - 0.042 0.415 79 39
- Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 80 Master bedroom Newly 0.192 - 0.042 0.559 91
- 80 Secondary bedroom Newly 0.182 - 0.037 0.551 89
Chengdu (S) 2010.9-2011.6 - - MBTH 96 96 Living room <6 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.32 38.5 40
- Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 96 Master bedroom <6 0.12 0.09 0.02 0.54 47.9
- 75 Study <6 0.10 0.07 0.02 0.32 40.0
- 64 Children's room <6 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.30 39
- 90 Secondary bedroom <6 0.12 0.07 0.02 0.38 46.7
Chengdu (S) 2010.9-2011.6 - <10 MBTH - 79 Dwelling <6 0.074 - 0.02 0.24 21.0 40
- 10~25 Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 - 292 Dwelling <6 0.110 - 0.02 0.54 40.0
- >25 - 110 Dwelling <6 0.120 - 0.03 0.32 60.8
Chongqing Chongqing (S) 2003 Winter - AHMT 198 198 - <6 0.142 0.084 0.025 0.461 64.65 18
2003 Summer 202 202 - <6 0.397 0.172 0.121 1.182 100
Chongqing (S) 2003 Winter 17.8 AHMT 101 101 - <6 0.140 0.079 0.025 0.461 68.31 18
Province City
(location)a		 Test year Test month/
Season		 TS/℃b Methodc Number of samples Room type Time after
decoration/
monthd		 Indoor formaldehyde concentration/mg· m - 3 e OSR/
%f		 ref
Dwellings Rooms Aver. SD Lowest Highest
2003 Summer 31.5 - <12 0.384 0.161 0.121 0.946 100
Chongqing (S) 2008 3-12 - Followed HJ/T 167-2004 37 84 Bedroom <6 0.174 0.14 0.006 0.603 63.1 41
20 Study <6 0.170 0.17 0.027 0.634 50.0
37 Living room <6 0.120 0.10 0.002 0.438 47.0
37 Kitchen <6 0.113 0.06 0.018 0.212 40.0
Guizhou Guiyang (S) 2004.3-2005.1 - - Interscan-4160 74 - Living room - 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.17 - 42
Calibrated against
GB/T 16129		 - Bedroom - 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.15
- Kitchen - 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.27
Guiyang (S) 2009.5-2011.5 - - AHMT 8 - Low decoration load <0.5 0.095i - 0.049 0.17 12.5 43
- Followed GB/T 16129-1995 8 - Medium decoration load <0.5 0.24i - 0.072 0.46 62.5
- 8 - High decoration load <0.5 0.87i - 0.47 1.71 100
Yunnan Kunming (S) 2005-2007 - - MBTH Followed
GB/T 15516-1995		 48 48 - - 0.26 - 0.04 0.74 91.7 44
Kunming (S) 2004 Winter - - 10 - - - 0.0337 - 0.0194 0.0823 0 45
Honghe Prefecture (S) 2005 7, 10 - Followed GB/T18204.26-
2000		 11 33 - Newly - - 0.111 1.38 100 46
Shanxi Taiyuan (N) 2003-2005 - - GDYQ-201MB 20 - - <1 0.18 - - 0.38 95 47
- 20 - - 1~12 0.23 - - 0.56 90
- 20 - - 12~36 0.11 - - 0.21 85
- 20 - - >36 0.07 - - 1.01 50
Linfen (N) - - - - - 100 Living room - 0.111 - 0.040 0.388 53 48
- - - 100 Master bedroom - 0.129 - 0.042 0.418 62
- - - 100 Secondary bedroom - 0.117 - 0.035 0.410 51
Hebei Shijiazhuang (N) 2006-2010 - - Followed GB/T 18883-2002 506 - Dwelling - 0.144 - - 0.907 48.81 49
Shandong Ji'nan (N) 2011.2-2012.8 - - MBTH 71 142 Bedroom 0~6 0.09i - 0.03 0.28 44.4 50
- Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 71 Living room 0~6 0.06i - 0.02 0.18 35.2
- 39 Study 0~6 0.12i - 0.06 0.23 56.4
- 38 Dining room 0~6 0.05i - 0.02 0.14 34.2
- 36 Kitchen 0~6 0.05i - 0.02 0.12 16.7
Ji'nan (N) 2011.2-2012.8 1~3 - MBTH - 41 - 0~6 0.04i - 0.02 0.13 31.7 50
4~6 Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 96 - 0~6 0.09i - 0.03 0.24 41.7
7~9 109 - 0~6 0.12i - 0.04 0.28 53.2
10~12 80 - 0~6 0.05i - 0.02 0.15 22.5
Province City
(location)a		 Test year Test month/
Season		 TS/℃b Methodc Number of samples Room type Time after
decoration/
monthd		 Indoor formaldehyde concentration/mg· m - 3 e OSR/
%f		 ref
Dwellings Rooms Aver. SD Lowest Highest
Henan Luoyang (N) 2015 3~12 - Interscan 4160-2 120 45 Study, bedroom,
living room		 <3 0.1072 - 0.0402 0.9514 62.22 51
121 3~12 0.0804 - 0.0268 0.8576 36.36
116 12~36 0.0670 - 0.0134 0.7772 23.28
130 >36 0.0536 - 0.0134 0.8308 13.85
Luoyang (N) 2015 3~12 - Interscan 4160-2 120 172 Living room - 0.0670 - 0.0134 0.7772 26.74 51
120 Study - 0.0670 - 0.0134 0.7906 30.00
120 Bedroom - 0.0670 - 0.0134 0.9514 29.17
Luoyang (N) 2008 3~10 - Interscan 4160-2 76 32 - <1 0.08 - 0.06 0.68 - 52
178 - 2~6 0.08 - 0.04 0.54 -
186 - 7~12 0.08 - 0.04 0.41 -
147 - >12 0.08 - 0.019 0.20 -
Nanyang (N) 2013 3~11 - SKS-BY-CH2O 154 24 Bedroom <3 0.433 - 0.267 0.586 100 53
128 Bedroom 3~6 0.279 - 0.076 0.441 95.7
81 Bedroom 6~12 0.159 - 0.055 0.339 83.3
26 Bedroom 12~18 0.109 - 0.032 0.234 56.1
15 Living room <3 - - 0.178 0.579 100
80 Living room 3~6 - - 0.069 0.340 91.2
47 Living room 6~12 - - 0.023 0.177 66.7
12 Living room 12~18 - - 0.005 0.145 41.7
Xinxiang (N) 2009-2011 - - MBTH 22 10 Bedroom, living room <1 0.096i - 0.081 0.169 100 54
- Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 15 1~2 0.086i - 0.060 0.096 80
- 21 3~5 0.062i - 0.032 0.091 47.62
- 12 6~9 0.057i - 0.022 0.087 25
Anyang (N) 2008 7~10 - MBTH - 103 - 1 0.29 0.023 0.03 0.96 86.41 55
Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 348 - 3 0.24 0.025 0.04 0.89 84.20
89 - 6 0.21 0.025 0.06 0.83 57.30
64 - 12 0.11 0.006 0.04 0.23 29.69
21 - >12 0.06 0.003 0.02 0.14 14.29
Sanmenxia (N) 2007 1~12 - GDYQ-201MB 9 27 - 1~3 0.31 - 0.08 0.64 88.9 56
Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 27 81 - 4~6 0.20 - 0.05 0.43 85.1
16 48 - 7~9 0.24 - 0.05 0.61 81.3
5 15 - 10~12 0.42 - 0.08 0.82 80
Province City
(location)a		 Test year Test month/
Season		 TS/℃b Methodc Number of samples Room type Time after
decoration/
monthd		 Indoor formaldehyde concentration/mg· m - 3 e OSR/
%f		 ref
Dwellings Rooms Aver. SD Lowest Highest
25 75 - 12~120 0.23 - 0.05 0.70 92
Sanmenxia (N) 2007 1~12 10~15 GDYQ-201MB 12 36 - - 0.11 - 0.05 0.17 58.3 56
16~20 Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 20 60 - - 0.16 - 0.06 0.33 85.0
21~25 19 57 - - 0.22 - 0.05 0.62 84.2
>26 31 93 - - 0.31 - 0.05 0.67 90.3
Anhui Chuzhou (S) 2002.12-2003.6 - - Chromotropic acid 12 dwellings, 6 offices 36 Doors and
windows closed		 Newly 0.731 0.317 - - 100 57
Doors and
windows open		 Newly 0.134 0.073 - - 100
Jiangsu Wuxi (S) 2009 1~12 - Interscan-HTV
Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 18 54 Bedroom, living room 3 0.13 0.16 - - 31.79 58
2010 19 57 3 0.06 0.06 - - 19.30
2011 10 30 3 0.06 0.05 - - 13.33
2012 22 66 3 0.06 0.03 - - 7.58
2013 15 45 3 0.07 0.08 - - 17.78
Huaian (S) 2014-2015 - - MBTH Followed
GB/T 18204.2-2014		 28 24 Living room,
bedroom, study		 <3 0.19 - 0.01 0.56 45.8 59
- 36 3~12 0.12 - 0.05 0.49 27.8
- 30 >12 0.06 - 0.03 0.40 16.7
Huaian (S) 2014-2015 - - MBTH 28 24 Living room - 0.11 - - - 33.3 59
- Followed GB/T 18204.2-
2014		 24 Master bedroom - 0.16 - - - 41.7
- 28 Secondary bedroom - 0.14 - - - 39.3
- 14 Children's room - 0.24 - - - 57.1
Nanjing (S) 2002-2004 - - AHMT
Followed GB/T 18883-2002		 427 1281 Living room,
bedroom, study		 <12 0.20 0.17 - - - 60
Shanghai Shanghai (S) 2013-2014 Spring - Shinyei detector 409 118 Children's room >12 0.0204 0.0103 0.0092 0.0732 0 61
Summer 110 >12 0.0197 0.0179 0.0068 0.1107 0.91
Autumn 92 >12 0.0192 0.0126 0.0068 0.1097 0.11
Winter 89 >12 0.0277 0.0058 0.0128 0.0530 0
Shanghai (S) 2011.10-2012.11 - - XP-308 84 84 Living room - 0.065 0.007 0.016j 0.075k 15.48 62
- 162 Bedroom - 0.076 0.005 0.034j 0.100k 22.84
- 42 Study - 0.085 0.011 0.038j 0.116k 26.19
Province City
(location)a		 Test year Test month/
Season		 TS/℃b Methodc Number of samples Room type Time after
decoration/
monthd		 Indoor formaldehyde concentration/mg· m - 3 e OSR/
%f		 ref
Dwellings Rooms Aver. SD Lowest Highest
Shanghai (S) 2011.10-2012.11 - - XP-308 84 17 - <4 0.062 0.014 0.019j 0.075k 11.76 62
- 26 - 4~12 0.117 0.016 0.050j 0.175k 46.15
- 43 - 13~24 0.061 0.008 0.013j 0.088k 13.95
- 166 - 25~36 0.076 0.005 0.034j 0.100k 22.29
- 36 - >36 0.055 0.006 0.013j 0.075k 11.11
Shanghai (S) 2013 1 - DNPH 21 21 Living room - 0.0134 0.0063 0.0042 0.031 0 17
1 Followed JIS A 1962 21 Children's room - 0.0143 0.0058 0.0061 0.0291 0
8 19 19 Living room - 0.0525 0.0275 0.0038 0.1107 5.3
8 19 Children's room - 0.0658 0.0414 0.0102 0.1623 15.8
Hubei Wuhan (S) 2013 10 - DNPH 10 10 Living room - 0.0162 0.0045 0.0104 0.0237 0 17
10 Followed JIS A 1962 10 Children's room - 0.0217 0.0086 0.0112 0.0325 0
12 7 7 Living room - 0.0110 0.0155 0.0005 0.0452 0
12 7 Children's room - 0.0147 0.0118 0.006 0.0386 0
Wuhan (S) 2009 3~5 - Followed GB/T 18883-2002 78 78 Children's room >12 0.26 0.17 - - 88.46 19
Wuhan (S) 2005 4 - AHMT 66 66 - 0 0.227 0.138 0.023 0.901 90.9 63
5 Followed GB/T 16129-1995 65 65 - 0.5 0.225 0.187 0.043 1.021 78.5
6 63 63 - 1.5 0.214 0.180 0.013 0.941 73.0
7 62 62 - 2.5 0.272 0.218 0.019 0.902 75.8
8 63 63 - 3.5 0.230 0.150 0.011 0.635 76.2
9 64 64 - 4.5 0.098 0.072 0.013 0.381 37.5
10 64 64 - 5.5 0.078 0.050 0.010 0.265 29.7
Shiyan (S) 2006 - - Interscan 4160 30 - - <12 0.27 - - - 78 64
- 15 - - Undecorated 0.04 - - - 4
Shiyan (S) 2006 - - Interscan 4160 10 - - 0 0.76 - - - 100 64
- - - 1 0.39 - - - 100
- - - 3 0.22 - - - 54
- - - 6 0.08 - - - 12
Hunan Changsha (S) 2014 1 - DNPH 10 10 Living room - 0.0078 0.0018 0.005 0.0114 0 17
1 Followed JIS A 1962 10 Children's room - 0.0078 0.0012 0.0059 0.0238 0
2013 10 10 10 Living room - 0.0121 0.0051 0.0011 0.0193 0
10 10 Children's room - 0.0180 0.0109 0.0066 0.0381 0
Changsha (S) 2008.11-2009.10 - - Interscan 4160-19.99
Fulfilled the criteria of
GB/T 18883-2002 and
GB 50325-2001		 83 149 Dwelling 1~6 - - 0.01 0.45 67.79 65
195 7~24 - - 0.01 0.31 42.56
-
Province City
(location)a		 Test year Test month/
Season		 TS/℃b Methodc Number of samples Room type Time after
decoration/
monthd		 Indoor formaldehyde concentration/mg· m - 3 e OSR/
%f		 ref
Dwellings Rooms Aver. SD Lowest Highest
Changsha (S) 2008.11-2009.10 - - Interscan 4160-19.99
Fulfilled the criteria of
GB/T 18883-2002 and
GB 50325-2001		 83 80 Living room - 0.08 0.05 0.01 0.26 33.75 65
82 Master bedroom - 0.12 0.07 0.01 0.40 60.98
62 Study - 0.12 0.08 0.01 0.40 56.45
74 Children's room - 0.13 0.09 0.01 0.45 63.51
46 Secondary bedroom - 0.12 0.07 0.02 0.31 54.35
Zhuzhou (S) - - - Acac 73 21 - <3 0.264 0.084 - - 90.5 66
- - 20 - 4~6 0.247 0.076 - - 80.0
- - 15 - 7~12 0.163 0.054 - - 46.6
- - 17 - >12 0.104 0.035 - - 29.4
- - 10 10 - undecorated 0.065 0.013 - - 0
Jiangxi Nanchang (S) 2012-2013 - - Interscan 4160-2 65 220 Dwelling Newly - - 0.01 0.28 66.8 67
Jiangxi (S)l 2004-2005 - Followed GB/T 18204.26
and HJ/T 167-2004		 - 563 - - 0.25 - 0.006 3.39 76.20 68
Zhejiang Hangzhou (S) 2007 1~12 - MBTH 1598 557 - <12 0.149 0.111 0.006 0.664 66.1 69
2008 1~12 Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 980 - <12 0.109 0.096 0.005 0.739 37.8
2009 1~12 787 - <12 0.074 0.064 0.010 0.776 21.2
Wenzhou (S) 2007 4~5 - ESC Z-300P 50 50 Master bedroom 1~6 0.3418 0.2943 0.03 1.01 84.0 70
42 Children's room 1~6 0.3191 0.2841 0.02 1.13 78.6
50 Living room 1~6 0.2588 0.2616 0.02 0.94 58.0
31 Study 1~6 0.3474 0.2643 0.03 0.97 87.1
50 Kitchen 1~6 0.2516 0.2529 0.03 0.87 62.0
38 Storage room 1~6 0.8024 0.7183 0.08 3.51 100
Fujian Fuzhou (S) 2004.2-2005.2 - - MBTH Followed
GB/T 18204.26-2000		 36 113 - <3 0.74 - 0 3.92 62.8 71
Fuzhou (S) 2003 5~10 - MBTH 15 15 - 0 0.915 0.247 0.57 1.25 100 72
Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 - 1 0.742 0.143 0.49 0.98 100
- 2 0.513 0.105 0.35 0.66 100
- 3 0.251 0.065 0.17 0.34 100
- 4 0.084 0.040 0.02 0.15 -
- 5 0.02 0.07 0.048 0.013 -
Nanping (S) 2004.11-2005.1 Winter - Acac
Followed GB/T 15516		 32 32 - 0~12 0.020 - 0.008 0.070 0 73
Guangxi Nanning (S) 2004 - - MBTH - 180 - Newly 0.260 0.238 0.0081 1.32 73.9 74
Province City
(location)a		 Test year Test month/
Season		 TS/℃b Methodc Number of samples Room type Time after
decoration/
monthd		 Indoor formaldehyde concentration/mg· m - 3 e OSR/
%f		 ref
Dwellings Rooms Aver. SD Lowest Highest
2005 - Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 268 - Newly 0.280 0.244 0.01 1.6 74.3
2006 - 217 - Newly 0.133 0.176 0.01 2.1 42.4
2007 - 166 - Newly 0.130 0.119 0.018 0.56 42.2
2008 - 192 - Newly 0.128 0.0953 0.014 0.43 41.7
2009 - 178 - Newly 0.128 0.136 0.012 0.64 38.2
2010 - 116 - Newly 0.105 0.0660 0.02 0.43 36.2
2011 - 120 - Newly 0.120 0.0970 0.007 0.45 35.8
Nanning (S) 2004-2011 1 12.8 MBTH - 183 - Newly 0.0697 0.0723 0.0100 0.290 18.6 74
2 14.1 Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 116 - Newly 0.0700 0.0546 0.0200 0.370 18.1
3 17.6 104 - Newly 0.113 0.138 0.00700 0.800 27.9
4 22.0 172 - Newly 0.167 0.138 0.0100 0.510 59.3
5 26.0 90 - Newly 0.228 0.205 0.0320 0.980 71.1
6 27.4 108 - Newly 0.309 0.302 0.0150 2.10 80.6
7 28.3 113 - Newly 0.288 0.264 0.0490 1.32 81.4
8 27.8 108 - Newly 0.301 0.260 0.0140 1.20 81.5
9 26.6 106 - Newly 0.225 0.176 0.0200 0.870 70.8
10 23.3 112 - Newly 0.174 0.187 0.0220 0.880 67.9
11 18.6 118 - Newly 0.114 0.0848 0.0160 0.350 27.1
12 14.7 107 - Newly 0.0785 0.0610 0.0120 0.290 25.2
Nanning (S) 2004-2011 - - MBTH - 406 Living room Newly 0.151 0.154 0.0120 1.00 45.6 74
- Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 410 Master bedroom Newly 0.184 0.186 0.00700 1.51 54.9
- 405 Secondary bedroom Newly 0.163 0.170 0.00810 1.60 50.9
- 133 Study Newly 0.191 0.194 0.0100 1.320 57.1
Nanning (S) ~2013-2014 - - PPM-400ST 30 42 Living room <24 0.065 0.031 0.001 0.176 28.6 75
- 42 Bedroom <24 0.171 0.073 0.016 0.560 73.8
- 42 Study <24 0.192 0.066 0.013 0.901 76.2
Nanning (S) 2013-2014 - - MBTH 40 39 Living room - 0.11 - 0.01 0.72 30.8 76
- Followed GB/T 18204.26 40 Master bedroom - 0.12 - 0.02 0.53 37.5
- 33 Study - 0.15 - 0.02 0.80 36.4
- 72 Secondary bedroom - 0.12 - 0.01 0.61 33.3
- 6 Storage room - 0.07 - 0.02 0.09 0
Guangdong Guangzhou (S) 2014 - - Acac 400 - - 6~72 0.37 - - 2.50 80.2 77
Province City
(location)a		 Test year Test month/
Season		 TS/℃b Methodc Number of samples Room type Time after
decoration/
monthd		 Indoor formaldehyde concentration/mg· m - 3 e OSR/
%f		 ref
Dwellings Rooms Aver. SD Lowest Highest
2015 - - 6~72 0.30 - - 0.50 89.4
2016 - - 6~72 0.21 - - 0.44 74.6
2017 - - 6~72 0.24 - - 0.37 74.0
2018 - - 6~72 0.25 - - 0.57 72.4
Shunde (S) ~2014 - - MBTH 48 40 Living room - 0.07 - 0.04 0.26 65 78
- Followed GB/T 18204.26 48 Master bedroom - 0.18 - 0.05 0.43 72.9
- 37 Children's room - 0.13 - 0.03 0.48 78.4
- 43 Study - 0.15 - 0.05 0.39 74.4
- 41 Master bedroom undecorated 0.03 - 0.01 0.05 0
- 37 Master bedroom 0 dm 0.38 - 0.22 0.57 100
- 40 Master bedroom 7 dm 0.35 - 0.21 0.47 100
- 38 Master bedroom 15 dm 0.30 - 0.18 0.45 100
- 41 Master bedroom 30 dm 0.27 - 0.16 0.38 100
- 40 Master bedroom 3 0.13 - 0.08 0.22 62.5
- 40 Master bedroom 6 0.16 - 0.06 0.25 65
- 38 Master bedroom 12 0.12 - 0.05 0.18 21.1
Zhongshan (S) 2013-2014 - - Interscan 4160 35 35 Dwelling <3 0.103 0.110 0.020 0.576 28.75 79
Zhaoqing (S) 2008-2011 - Followed GB/T 18204.26-
2000		 100 100 - <1 0.172 0.092 - - 90.13 80
- 95 - >12 0.074 0.065 - - 11.79
- 93 - >24 0.060 0.059 - - 9.27
Hainan Haikou (S) 2015 5 - PPM-400ST 100 46 Living room <12 0.089 0.053 0.011 0.257 52.2 81
46 Kitchen <12 0.093 0.065 0.013 0.340 47.8
46 Bedroom <12 0.097 0.067 0.018 0.313 47.8
28 Living room 12~36 0.068 0.031 0.009 0.142 46.4
28 Kitchen 12~36 0.069 0.027 0.018 0.147 39.3
28 Bedroom 12~36 0.070 0.028 0.019 0.147 32.1
26 Living room >36 0.051 0.024 0.017 0.097 23.1
26 Kitchen >36 0.050 0.028 0.014 0.121 11.5
26 Bedroom >36 0.052 0.028 0.010 0.100 23.1
Fig.2 Distributions of rooms with different sampling methods for the collected data. (a) Total distribution, (b) sensors, and (c) derivatization methods. NA: Not available
Table 2 Standards and the corresponding methods for indoor formaldehyde determinationa
Standards Referred standards Methods
GB/T 15516 - Acac
GB/T 16129 - AHMT
GB/T 18204.26 - MBTH, DNPH
JIS A 1962 - DNPH
GB/T 18883-2002 GB/T 15516
GB/T 16129
GB/T 18204.26		 Acac
AHMT
MBTH, DNPH
GB/T 18204.2-2014 GB/T 16129 AHMT
MBTH, DNPH
Sensors
HJ/T 167-2004 GB/T 15516
GB/T 16129
GB/T 18204.26		 Acac
AHMT
MBTH, DNPH
Sensors
Fig.3 Distribution of (a) indoor formaldehyde average concentrations, (b) the highest concentrations, and (c) over-standard rates in 31 Chinese provinces. Data were calculated from Table 1. N denotes the sample size. NA means no data in the corresponding province. The average concentration, highest concentration, and over-standard rate in each province were the weighted averages of samples in the corresponding province: Yprovince = ∑iNiYi/∑iNi, where Ni and Yi denote the ith sample size and ith sample value, respectively, within the corresponding province in Table 1.
Fig.4 (a) Change patterns of indoor formaldehyde average concentrations, the lowest concentrations, and the highest concentrations over the years; (b) Change pattern of over-standard rates over the years. N denotes the sample size. Data we adopted from Table 1, and only the values tested in a single year were used. The concentrations and over-standard rate in each year were the weighted averages of samples in the corresponding test year: Yyear = ∑jNjYj/∑jNj, where Nj and Yj denote the jth sample size and jth sample value, respectively, within the corresponding test year in Table 1
Fig.5 Comparison of change patterns of indoor formaldehyde average concentrations between (a) the big cities and the medium-small cities and (b) East China and the other areas. Data were adopted from Table 1, and only the values tested in a single year were used. The concentrations in each year were the weighted averages of samples in the corresponding test year: Yyear = ∑jNjYj/∑jNj, where Nj and Yj denote the jth sample size and jth sample value, respectively, within the corresponding test year in Table 1. Beijing, Dalian, Shenyang, Tianjin, Xi'an, Chengdu, Chongqing, Nanjing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Changsha, and Hangzhou in Table 1 are categorized as “big cities,” whereas the other cities in Table 1 are categorized to “medium-small cities.” Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and Hainan belong to “East China,” whereas the other provinces belong to the “other areas.”
Fig.6 Trends of indoor formaldehyde average concentrations (a) and over-standard rates (b) with room temperature. Data were extracted from Table 1 and adopted from references: ■[74], ●[94],▲[37], ▼[95], ◆[18], ?[18], ?[34], ★[40], ??56, and ?96. Median concentrations were used in references ●[94], ▲[37], and ?[96]
Fig.7 Trends of indoor formaldehyde average concentrations (a) and over-standard rates (b) with relative humidity. Data were adopted from references: ■[28], ●[40], ▲[34], and ★[37]
Fig.8 Profiles of air temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and absolute humidity (AH) in an annual cycle for typical northern city Beijing and typical southern city Hangzhou in China. (a) Air temperature, RH, (b) air temperature, and AH. Data were obtained from China Meteorological Data Service Centre (http:∥data.cma.cn). Each value is the annual average between 1981 and 2010. RH was calculated from water vapor pressure based on Magnus equation[106]
Fig.9 Seasonal variations of indoor formaldehyde average concentrations, the highest concentrations, the lowest concentrations, and over-standard rates. N denotes the sample size of each group. Data were adopted from Table 1. Data with specific test month/season were classified to the corresponding season, data spreading in a full year was classified into the “full year” group, the remaining data were classified into the “unspecified” group. Values in each group were the weighted averages of the corresponding samples: Yseason = ∑kNkYk/∑kNk, where Nk and Yk denote the kth sample size and kth sample value, respectively, within the corresponding group in Table 1
Fig.10 Seasonal trends of indoor formaldehyde average concentrations, the highest concentrations, the lowest concentrations, and over-standard rates in the north and the south, respectively. The north and the south are separated by the Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River line. Data were adopted from Table 1. Data from the north and the south were treated separately. N denotes the sample size of each group. Each value in each group was the weighted average of the corresponding samples: YS-N = ∑lNlYl/∑lNl, where Nl and Yl denote the lth sample size and lth sample value, respectively, within the corresponding group in Table 1
Fig.11 Seasonal trends of indoor temperatures and average formaldehyde concentrations in the north (a) and the south (b), and indoor relative humidity and absolute humidity in the north (c) and the south (d), respectively. The north and the south are separated by the Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River line. Data of formaldehyde concentrations were adopted from Fig.10. Data of indoor temperatures were adopted from:■[107], ●[108], ▲[109], ▼[110], ◆[111], ?[112], ★[74], and ??[113]. Since the average concentrations, highest concentrations, and over-standard rates followed the same trends, only the average concentrations were illustrated
Fig.12 Window opening status in bedrooms at night in urban China. Data were calculated from reference[89]. Values in the north were the weighted averages of the severe cold zone and cold zone, and values in the south were the weighted averages of the mild zone, hot summer cold winter zone, and hot summer warm winter zone. The weight in each zone was the ratio of number of dwellings in the corresponding zone to the total number of dwellings in the north or the south
Fig.13 Average concentrations, the highest concentrations, lowest concentrations, and over-standard rates of indoor formaldehyde for different types of rooms. N denotes the sample size of each room type. Data were adopted from Table 1. Data from the specific room was classified to the corresponding room type, data from the whole house was classified to the “unspecified” group, data combined from several specific rooms was not adopted. The data of the dining room were combined with the living room group. Values in each group were the weighted averages of corresponding samples: Yroom = ∑mNmYm/∑mNm, where Nm and Ym denote the mth sample size and mth sample value, respectively, within the corresponding room type in Table 1
Fig.14 Long-term decay patterns of average concentrations (a), the lowest concentrations (b), the highest concentrations (c), and over-standard rates (d) of indoor formaldehyde. N denotes the sample size. Data were adopted from Table 1. The time after decoration was determined as follows: If a specific time was given, this time was adopted; if a period was given, the median time of this period was adopted; newly decorated was assigned as 1 month; if it was within a time, half of this time was adopted; if it was longer than a time, this time was adopted. Data in periods spreading over 2 years and data not specified the time after decoration was not used
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