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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (3): 519-532 DOI: 10.7536/PC210224 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Fabrication of Electrocatalytic Electrodes for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Hao Sun, Chaopeng Wang, Jun Yin(), Jian Zhu()   

  1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University,Tianjin 300350, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Jun Yin, Jian Zhu
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(51873088); National Natural Science Foundation of China(12004195); Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(18JCZDJC38400); Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(20JCQNJC01820); “111” Project of China's Higher Education(B18030); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities from Nankai University(63201061)
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With the gradual depletion of fossil fuels and the deteriorating environment, it is urgent to develop clean and renewable energy technologies. In recent years, energy conversion and storage technologies, such as water electrolysis and rechargeable metal-air batteries, have attracted tremendous research attention. Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the core reaction of them. Remarkable OER electrocatalysts have been widely reported. The fabrication methods of electrocatalytic electrodes play a prominent role in the performance of the catalysts apart from the intrinsic activity of the catalysts. An increasing number of researchers are devoted to exploring the design and fabrication of high-performance OER electrodes. This review introduces the current fabrication strategies of OER electrodes, discusses their advantages and disadvantages with a summary of the latest research progress, and overviews the emerging approaches for new-type electrodes. Finally, future development in this field is prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Substrate-assisted electrodes

2.1 Drop casting

2.2 Hydro/solvothermal reaction

2.3 Electrodeposition

2.4 Chemical vapor deposition

2.5 Layer-by-Layer assembly

2.6 Combined strategies

3 Substrate-free electrodes

3.1 Electrospinning

3.2 3D printing

3.3 Other techniques

4 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: electrocatalysis, oxygen evolution reaction, electrode fabrication
Table 1 Recent reports on the OER performances of substrate-assisted electrodes
Catalyst Currant density/
mA·cm-2		 Overpotential/
mV		 Tafel slope/
mV·dec-1		 Main method Substrate Electrolyte ref
N-Co-Mo-GF/CNT 10 330 46 Drop casting Ni foil 0.1 M KOH 46
Co-Mac-1 10 320 54 Drop casting Carbon paper (CP) 1 M KOH 48
Pd-e-NiCo-PBA-C 10 309 67 Drop casting Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) 1 M KOH 49
Ni3FeAl0.91-LDH 20 304 57 Hydro/Solvothermal Ni foam 1.0 M KOH 60
Cr-CoFe LDHs 10 238 107 Hydro/Solvothermal Ni foam 1.0 M KOH 62
Co-MOF 10 270 75 Hydro/Solvothermal Ni foam 1.0 M KOH 31
NP Au/CoMoNx 10 237 46 Hydro/Solvothermal NP Au skeleton 1.0 M KOH 64
CoFe-LDH 10 259 35 Electrodeposition Ni foam 1.0 M KOH 68
FeCoWOx 100 234 32 Electrodeposition Ni foam 1.0 M KOH 69
CoNi-Fe3N 10 285 34 Electrodeposition Fe foil 1.0 M KOH 70
Fe2O3@Ni-450 10 379 55 Chemical vapor deposition Ni foam 1.0 M KOH 74
MnO2 @Co3O4 10 450 40 Chemical vapor deposition FTO Seawater 76
CoNi-LDHNSs/Fe-PP 10 264 37.6 Layer-by-layer assembly ITO 1.0 M KOH 82
Co3O4 10 300 77.1 Layer-by-layer assembly Carbon cloth (CC) 1.0 M KOH 83
CoNi-HAB/Co(OH)2 10 219 42 Electrodeposition and
Hydrothermal		 Carbon fiber
paper (CFP)		 1.0 M KOH 85
NiCo2S4@N-rGO 10 230 70.9 Chemical vapor deposition and Hydrothermal Ni foam 1.0 M KOH 86
Fig.1 (a) Schematic of the growth of Co-MOF nanoarrays preferring on a thermally evaporated metal layer, (b) SEM image of the top view of the Co-MOF nanoarrays grown on the Ni-coated Si substrate, (c) Cross-sectional SEM image of Co-MOF nanoarrays, (d) Optical images of patterned Ni-layers on the Si substrates before (left) and after (right) the growth of the Co-MOF nanoarrays, (e) SEM image of the growth of the Co-MOF nanoarrays on the patterned Ni layers[31]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH
Fig.2 (a) Schematic preparation of Cr-CoFe LDHs/NF. (b) XRD patterns of CoFe LDHs, and Cr-CoFe LDHs scraped down from NF; SEM images of (c) CoFe LDHs/NF and (d) Cr-CoFe LDHs/NF[62]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH
Fig.3 Schematic illustration of flexible electrode of NP Au/CoMoNx hybrid cable[64]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH
Fig.4 (a) A schematic illustration of the electrodeposition of CoFeWOx on NFs. (b) A photo of a NiF electrode with CoFeWOx[69]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH
Fig.5 (a) Synthetic route of CoNi-Fe3N NTs. (b) The surface reconstruction of CoNi-Fe3N NTs during OER catalysis[70]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH
Fig.6 Schematic of the fabrication of FeNi@NCNT-CP clusters[75]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH
Fig.7 Preparation of multilayer thin films using the LbL assembly technique[79]. Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig.8 (a) Schematic representation for the LbL assembly of the (CoNi-LDH/Fe-PP)n UTFs. (b) UV-vis spectra of the (CoNi-LDH/Fe-PP)n UTFs (n = 2~12) on quartz glass substrate (inset: the linear relationship between absorbance at 403 nm and bilayer number n)[82]. Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig.9 Approach used to synthesize the [M(BDC)] SURMOF directly at the electrode substrate[84]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society
Table 2 Pros and cons of various fabrication methods for substrate-assisted electrodes
Methods Advantages Disadvantages
Drop casting Simple and universal Aggregation, high resistance and low stability
Hydro/Solvothermal reaction High conductivity and stability; cost-effectiveness Time-consuming
Electrodeposition Fast deposition rate and controllable synthesis process Complex growth parameters
Chemical vapor deposition Controllability and large area Complicated procedures and low yield
Layer-by-Layer assembly Thickness control and easy exposure of active sites Requiring well-dispersed nanocatalysts
Fig.10 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of the binder-free NCS@N-rGO/NF, NCS@rGO/NF, and NCS/NF electrodes[86]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH
Table 3 Recent reports on the OER performances of substrate-free electrodes
Catalyst Current density/mA·c m - 2 Overpotential/
mV		 Tafel slope/
mV·de c - 1		 Main method Electrolyte ref
ESC@FNPO 10 215 30 Electrospinning and electrospinning 1 M KOH 92
Ni@PIM-CF 10 390.5 50 Electrospinning and atomic
layer deposition		 0.1 M KOH 93
NFNS@NiP@Truss 10 197 51 3D Printing and electrodeposited 1.0 M KOH 98
3DP GC/NiFeP 30 214 162 3D Printing and hydrothermal 1.0 M KOH 99
Fig.11 (a) Schematic representation of the fabrication procedure toward the NCNF, (b) Photographs of the resultant flexible NCNF, (c) Chemical structure of PI polymer, SEM images of (d) the pristine PI film and (e) NCNF-1000[91]. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH
Fig.12 Schematic illustration of the fabrication process for the electrospun carbon (ESC) nanofibers integrated with ultrathin iron-nickel phosphate nanosheet arrays (namely, ESC@FNPO)[92]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH
Fig.13 (a) 3D printed polymeric objects using different materials and techniques; (b) their NiP plated counterparts[98]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH
Fig.14 (a~d) Schematic illustration of 3DP GC electrode, (e) Optical image of 3DP GC electrode immersed in water, (f) SEM image of 3DP GC electrode with macroscaffold and microporous structure, (g) SEM image of graphene/interlaced CNT nanostructure[99]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH
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