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Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (9): 1525-1537 DOI: 10.7536/PC210216 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Durable Superhydrophobic Surfaces: Theoretical Models, Preparation Strategies, and Evaluation Methods

Xiangkang Cao1, Xiaoguang Sun2, Guangyi Cai1, Zehua Dong1()   

  1. 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074, China
    2 CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co., Ltd, Qingdao 266111, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Zehua Dong
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(51371087); National Natural Science Foundation of China(51771079); CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co., Ltd(SF/JG-吕字-2020-50)
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Superhydrophobic surface has broad applications in daily life and industries owing to its unique wettability. However, the micro-nano structures and low surface energy substance of surface are vulnerable to mechanical damage and chemical erosion, often prone to lose their superhydrophobicity. It is of great practical significance to construct durable superhydrophobic surface through morphologic design and performance optimization for its commercialization. In this review, based on the surface wettability model, including classical theory, metastable theory and contact line theory, the development history of superhydrophobic theoretical model is first reviewed, as well as their key guiding roles in the design of superhydrophobic durability. Then, the preparation strategies for durable superhydrophobic surface, such as micro-nano structure design, adhesive + coating, armor protection, self-healing, air cushion replenishment or replacement, are summarized. And the advantages and limitations of each strategy are reviewed. In addition, according to mechanical and chemical stability, the evaluation methods of superhydrophobic durability are illustrated. Finally, the problems and prospects of durable superhydrophobic surface are summarized for the future research of durable superhydrophobic coating.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Theoretical model of wettability

2.1 Classical wetting theory

2.2 Metastable wetting theory

2.3 Contact line theory

3 Preparation strategy of durable superhydrophobic surface

3.1 Micro-nano structure regulation

3.2 Adhesive + coating

3.3 Armor protection

3.4 Self-healing policy

3.5 Air cushion replenishment or replacement

4 Evaluation methods for durable superhydrophobic surface

4.1 Mechanical durability

4.2 Chemical durability

5 Existing problems

6 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: superhydrophobic, durability, theoretical model, preparation strategies, evaluation methods
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the solid surface wetting state: (A) Surface tension in the equilibrium state of the droplet; (B) Wenzel state; (C) Cassie state
Fig.2 Visualized dynamic formation process of metastable state of superhydrophobic surface by confocal microscopy[20]. after 5 min immersion under (A) 0 kPa; (B)14 kPa; (C) 50 kPa; and (D)15 min immersion under 50 kPa
Fig.3 Schematic diagram of the microstructure design of super-hydrophobic surface and the actual SEM morphology[39]
Fig.4 Schematic diagram of preparation of organic/inorganic composite superhydrophobic coating[48]
Fig.5 Preparation schematic diagram of armored super-hydrophobic surface[51]
Fig.6 Schematic diagram of silicone oil self-replenishment repair for low surface energy substances at room temperature[53]
Fig.7 Diagram of self-repairing micro-nano rough morphology of surface under high temperature stimulation[56]
Fig.8 Schematic diagram of the dual self-repair of micro-nano structures and low surface energy substances under heating and acid stimulation as well as the actual repair effect[46]
Fig.9 Three-dimensional superhydrophobic surface: (A~E) Schematic diagram of block preparation and SEM morphology[63]
Fig.10 Gas supplementation promotes the transition from Wenzel state to Cassie state[66]
Fig.11 Evaluation methods of mechanical stability of superhydrophobic surface. (A) Friction and wear; (B) Tape peeling; (C) Water impact
Table 1 Comparison of wear resistance and acid and alkali resistance of superhydrophobic surface under different preparation strategies
Preparation strategies Surfaces Abrasion test Acid-base solution immersion ref
Load(kPa) Friction distance(cm) pH range Immersion time(h)
Micro-nano structure
design		 PDMS 10 1000 1~13 80 101
Copper 1.2 200 102
Adhesive + coating TiO2 1.3 400 44
PVDF/FEVE/GO@TiO2 3.42 28 000 1~14 72 103
Al2O3/Epoxy 5 20 000 49
PTFE-CP&MgO-AOP 2.6 10 000 1~14 100
PDMS@ZnSn(OH)6 2.2 300 2~13 28 6
QAS@SiO2 1~13 168 30
SiO2/B-Epoxy 1.6 2160 1~14 12 85
Armor protection Metal/glass/ceramic 12 000 10 000 aqua regia 4 50
ADP/Copper 1~14 24 104
Self-healing SiO2/Epoxy 7.5 1150 1~14 0.5 105
SiO2/PDMS 5 10 000 62
SiO2/F-Epoxy 12.25 50 000 63
PTFE/F-Epoxy 5 1000 aqua regia 1 64
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