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Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (11): 2069-2084 DOI: 10.7536/PC200804 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Application of Supported Non-Noble Metal Catalysts for Formaldehyde Oxidation at Low Temperature

Jingchen Tian1,2, Gongde Wu2, Yanjun Liu2, Jie Wan2, Xiaoli Wang2(), Lin Deng1()   

  1. 1 School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University,Nanjing 211189, China
    2 Energy Research Institute, Nanjing Institute of Technology,Nanjing 211167, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Xiaoli Wang, Lin Deng
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(21203093); Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2018718); Cooperation Fund of Energy Research Institute, Nanjing Institute of Technology(CXY201911); Cooperation Fund of Energy Research Institute, Nanjing Institute of Technology(CXY201923); Scientific Research Fund of Nanjing Institute of Technology(YKJ2019110); Scientific Research Fund of Nanjing Institute of Technology(YKJ2019111)
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Formaldehyde is one of the most common volatile organic pollutants in the indoor environment. It has been confirmed that long-term exposure to formaldehyde causes great harm to health. Supported non-noble metal catalysts have shown excellent performance in formaldehyde removal and practical applications, which has attracted great attention of researchers. This article highlights the recent development of formaldehyde removal by supported non-noble metal catalysts at low temperature, including thermal catalysts, photocatalysts and non-thermal plasma assisted catalysts. Moreover, reaction factors that have great effects on formaldehyde removal and mechanisms are reviewed. The results show that reaction conditions, supports types and preparing conditions are the most important factors in the low-temperature catalytic removal of formaldehyde. Supported non-noble metal catalysts exhibit outstanding performance in the photocatalysis and thermal catalysis of formaldehyde. Besides, remarkable formaldehyde removal efficiency was also observed at low temperature or under UV light irradiation. However, catalytic activity improvement of the supported non-noble metal catalysts under visible light and room temperature should be further investigated. It is still the point of future research to reduce by-products and energy consumption in formaldehyde removal process by non-thermal plasma combined with non-noble metal catalysts. Here, this paper also proposes the prospects on the development direction of supported non-noble metal catalysts in formaldehyde removal.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Supported non-noble metal catalysts and their performances in formaldehyde removal at low-temperature

2.1 Thermal catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde

2.2 Photocatalytic oxidation of formaldehyde

2.3 Formaldehyde oxidation with non-thermal plasma assisted catalysts

3 Factors affecting formaldehyde oxidation

3.1 Effect of reaction conditions

3.2 Effect of support

3.3 Effect of preparing conditions

4 Reaction mechanisms

4.1 Thermal catalytic reaction mechanism of formaldehyde

4.2 Photocatalytic reaction mechanism of formaldehyde

4.3 Plasma synergistic catalytic reaction mechanism of formaldehyde

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: formaldehyde, low temperature catalysis, non-noble metal, thermal catalysis, photocatalysis, non-thermal plasma assisted catalysts
Table 1 Research on Thermal Catalytic Removal of Formaldehyde by Supported Non-noble Metal Catalysts[25⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~52]
Categories Catalysts Temperature/℃ Reaction conditions HCHO removal/conversion ref
Single non-noble
metal catalysts		 MnO2/PET ~25 2 pieces, 4×6 cm, ~200 ppm HCHO 3.5 L static reactor ~84% HCHO removal4 within
60 min		 40
MnOx/PET RT1 ~0.6 mg/m3 HCHO, GHSV2 60 000 h-1 >95% removal of HCHO within
240 min		 44
MnOx/AC 25 ~10 ppm HCHO, GHSV ~65 000 h-1, RH3~50% 100% HCHO removal within
1000 min		 25
MnO2/ACF 25 15 ppm HCHO, GHSV ~60 000 h-1,RH 20%±2% 100% HCHO removal within
500 min		 41
MnOx/PG 25 1 ppm HCHO, GHSV 300 000 h-1 >95% HCHO removal within
600 min		 28
50~250 1200 ppm HCHO, GHSV 60 000 h-1 100% HCHO conversion5 at 150 ℃
MnO2/PG 25 1 ppm HCHO, 20 vol % O2, GHSV 150 000 h-1 100% HCHO removal efficiency within 1500 min 27
MnOx/Hal 100~300 1500 ppm HCHO, 20 vol % O2, GHSV 60 000 h-1 90% HCHO removal at 90 ℃ 35
MnO2/Cellulose 60~180 100 ppm HCHO, 20 vol % O2, GHSV 50 000 h-1 99.1% HCHO removal at 140 ℃ 50
MnOx/Diatomite 25~250 1 ppm HCHO, GHSV 120 000 h-1 >80% HCHO removal at 25 ℃ within 10 h 26
300 ppm HCHO, GHSV 120 000 h-1 90% HCHO conversion at 128 ℃
MnOx/AC RT 0.5 mg/m3 HCHO, GHSV 120 000 h-1, RH 45%±5% >70% HCHO removal within 80 h 42
5 mg/m3, GHSV 120 000 h-1, RH 45%±5% >70% HCHO removal within 30 h
MnOx/ACS-O 25 2.61 mg/m3, GHSV 80 000 h-1 >95% HCHO removal within
1500 min		 30
MnOx@PAN-ACNF 30 10 ppm HCHO, GHSV 50 000 h-1 >95% HCHO removal in 12 h 49
Mn/TiO2 20~150 100 mg/m3, 20 vol % O2, GHSV
300 000 h-1		 <20% HCHO removal efficiency at 150 ℃ 51
OMS-2/SiO2 25 100mg, 200 ppm HCHO, RH 50% ± 5%, 1 L static reactor 52.3% HCHO removal within 2 h 32
MnOx/SBA-15 30~180 120 ppm HCHO, 20 vol% O2, GHSV 30 000 h-1 90% HCHO conversion at 121 ℃ 46
MnO2@SiO2-TiO2 25 2 pieces, 10×10 cm, 200 ppm HCHO, RH 40%±5%, 5 L static reactor 100% HCHO removal after 20 min 33
Co@NC RT ~100 ppm HCHO, GHSV 80 000 h-1 >85% HCHO removal within 60 min 34
Multiple non-
noble metals
catalysts		 CoxMnyO4/Carbon textile 20~200 50 ppm HCHO, 25 vol.% O2, GHSV 120 000 h-1, RH 50% 100% HCHO removal at 95 ℃ 43
Mn1-xCex/PG 100~180 300 ppm HCHO, GHSV 20 000 h-1 100% HCHO conversion at 160 ℃ 36
Mn/PG 100% HCHO conversion at 180 ℃
CeO2/PG 6.9% HCHO conversion at 180 ℃
CuMn/Pal 150~350 1500 ppm HCHO, 20 vol % O2, 5% H2O, GHSV 32 500 h-1 100% HCHO conversion at 200 ℃ 37
Mn/Pal 90% HCHO conversion at 248 ℃
Cu/Pal 100% HCHO conversion at 276 ℃
Non-noble/noble metal catalysts AgCo/APTES@
MCM-41		 30~200 500 ppm HCHO, GHSV 9000 h-1 100% HCHO conversion at 90 ℃ 47
Ag/CeO2/SiO2 100~200 10,000~22,000 ppm HCHO, GHSV 69 000 h-1 100% HCHO removal at 175 ℃ 52
Pt-FeOx/Al2O3 25~100 400 ppm HCHO, 20 vol% O2, RH 30%, GHSV 60 000 h-1 100% HCHO removal at 25 ℃ 45
AuPt/MnO2/Cotton 20~200 460 ppm HCHO, GHSV 20 000 h-1 100% HCHO conversion at 120 ℃ 48
PtNi/Al2O3 30~80 ~30 ppm HCHO, GHSV 24 000 h-1, RH ~35% 100% HCHO removal at 30 ℃ 39
Pt/MnO2-CF 25 100 mg, 200 ppm HCHO, static reactor 90% HCHO removal after 60 min 29
Pt-Fe/Al2O3 25 375 mg/m3, 20 vol % O2, RH 30%, GHSV 60 000 h-1 100% HCHO conversion within 60 h 31
Pt/Fex/α-AlOOH 25~50 200 ppm HCHO, GHSV 95 000 h-1 100% HCHO conversion at 30 ℃ 38
200×200×0.4 mm3, 21.7 g catalysts, 1 ppm HCHO, RH 55%, 3 m3 static reactor <0.08 ppm HCHO concentration after 60 min
Fig.1 Formaldehyde removal over MnOx/Palygorskite[50]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier
Fig. 2 Formaldehyde removal over MnOx/AC(a)[25] and Mn20/DM(b)[26]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. Copyright 2020, Elsevier
Table 2 Research on photocatalytic removal of formaldehyde by supported non-noble metal catalysts[67,69⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~75]
Categories Catalyst Temperature Reaction conditions HCHO removal/conversion ref
Single non-noble metal photocatalysts TiO2/Diatomite RT1 1.0 g photocatalyst, 0.974±0.05 mg/m3 HCHO, 250 L photo-catalytic reactor, RH2 60%, UV light(λ = 365 nm) 90.9% HCHO removal4 after 180 min 69
TiO2/ACF RT 0.8 ppm HCHO, RH 33%, GHSV3 230 000 h-1, UV light(8 W, λ=254 nm) >80% HCHO removal 71
TiO2/Tourmaline RT 2 g photocatalyst, 14 L photo-catalytic reactor, RH 60%, 2 UV lamps(15 W, λ = 365 nm) 95% HCHO removal after 350 min 75
TiO2/Sepiolite RT 2 g photocatalyst, 10 μL of 38% formaldehyde
solution,14 L photo-catalytic reactor, RH 60%, 2 UV lamps(20 W, λ=365 nm)		 91.8% HCHO removal after 120 min 67
TiO2/PET RT 3.3±0.3 ppm HCHO, Q=1 L/min, 20 vol% O2, RH 60%, visible-light(I=10 000 lux) >60% HCHO removal 74
TiO2/Polyester-cotton(65/35) fabrics RT 0.04 m2 photocatalyst, 1.5 mg/m3 HCHO, 324 L photo-catalytic reactor, UV light/visible-light 99% HCHO removal under UV irradiation;
77% HCHO removal under visible light irradiation		 73
Multiple non-
noble metals
photocatalysts		 BiOCl/TiO2/Sepiolite RT 1 g photocatalyst, 30 mg/m3 HCHO, simulated solar(100 W)/visible light (150 W) 88% HCHO removal under solar irradiation after 60 min;
72% HCHO removal under visible irradiation after 180 min		 70
Zr-TiO2/Glass fiber RT 216 L photo-catalytic reactor, 1.0~1.2 mg/m3 HCHO, visible light 94% HCHO removal after 12 h 72
Fig. 3 Adsorption-photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde over TiO2 and TiO2/Diatomite[69]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier
Fig. 4 UV-Vis DRS spectra of sepiolite, TiO2, BiOCl and BiOCl/ TiO2/Sepiolite with different calcination temperatures[70]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier
Table 3 Research on formaldehyde removal by non-thermal plasma assisted supported non-noble metal catalysts.[85⇓⇓~88]
Catalyst Temperature Reaction conditions HCHO removal/conversion ref
Cu/HZSM-5 RT1 26.2 ppm HCHO, 20 vol% O2, RH2 50%, GHSV3 12 000 h-1 100% HCHO removal4 within 163 min 88
MnOx/Al2O3 RT 2.2±0.1 ppm HCHO, 15.0 g catalyst, residence time 0.21s, 20 vol% O2, RH 30%, GHSV 12 000 h-1 100% HCHO removal at 180 J/L 86
TiO2/Zeolite RT 12 mg/m3 HCHO, U=35 kV, f=70 Hz 80% HCHO removal at 180 J/L 87
Mn/TiO2-molecular RT 270 mg/m3, Q=500 mL/min, HCHO, U=20 kV, f=40 Hz 94.4% HCHO removal 85
Fe/TiO2-molecular 88% HCHO removal
Cu/TiO2-molecular 90% HCHO removal
Fig. 5 Effect of Co/Mn on formaldehyde conversion over CoxMn3-xO4/Carbon textile[43]. Copyright 2016, Springer
Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of the mechanism of formaldehyde conversion over OMS-2/SiO2 nanofibers[32]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier
Fig. 7 Photocatalytic process of formaldehyde overTiO2/AAS[67]. Copyright 2014, Elsevier
Fig. 8 Photocatalytic process of formaldehyde over BiOCl/TiO2/sepiolite[70]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier
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