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Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (7): 1100-1114 DOI: 10.7536/PC200803 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

The Cocatalyst in Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Junlan Guo1, Yinghua Liang1,2(), Huan Wang2, Li Liu2(), Wenquan Cui2   

  1. 1 School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology,Tianjin 300130, China
    2 College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory for Environment Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Materials, North China University of Science and Technology,Tangshan 063210, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Yinghua Liang, Wenquan Cui
  • Supported by:
    Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China(B2020209017); Project of Science and Technology Innovation Team, Tang Shan.
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Nowadays, development of a sustainable, green, new and efficient energy system has drawn much attention with the increasingly prominent energy and environmental problems. Photocatalytic production of H2 utilizing solar energy appears to be a promising strategy to solve the energy issues since it is clean, low-cost, and environmentally friendly. It is difficult for single semiconductor photocatalyst to meet all the requirements of photocatalysis because of its low utilization efficiency of light, fast recombination rate of electron-hole pairs, and insufficient active sites. Cocatalysts are often used to improve the photocatalytic activity. The loading of cocatalyst could facilitate charge separation and enhance the photocatalytic efficiency. In this review, we mainly outline the roles of cocatalysts in photocatalytic hydrogen production, such as enhancing light absorption, promoting charge separation, increasing active sites, and improving the ability of H adsorption, and introduce the loading method of cocatalysts. Moreover, the influencing factors of cocatalysts on activity, including size effect, position effect, configuration effect and quantity quantal effect are summarized, which sheds light on designing efficient and stable cocatalysts, and the concluding perspectives on future development of cocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen production are also presented.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The category of cocatalyst

2.1 Metal-based cocatalyst

2.2 Metal-free cocatalyst

2.3 Multicomponent cocatalyst

3 The loading method of cocatalyst on photocatalyst

4 The effect of the cocatalyst on photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

4.1 Size effect

4.2 Location effect

4.3 Configuration effect

4.4 Quantal effect

4.5 Others

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: photocatalytic, H2 evolution, cocatalyst, catalytic activity
Fig. 1 Illustration of H2production over water splitting on photocatalyst
Fig. 2 Reaction pathway for photocatalytic H2 evolution
Fig. 3 Roles of cocatalyst in photocatalytic H2 evolution
Table 1 Electron work functions of frequently used metals[37]
Element Φ[eV] Element Φ[eV]
Pt 5.64 Au 5.10
(110) 5.84 (100) 5.47
(111) 5.70 (110) 5.37
(320) 5.22 (111) 5.31
(331) 5.12 Co 5.0
Ag 4.26 Cu 4.65
(100) 4.64 (100) 4.59
(110) 4.52 (110) 4.48
(111) 4.74 (111) 4.94
Ni 5.15 (112) 4.53
(100) 5.22 C 5.0
(110) 5.04 Pd 5.12
(111) 5.35 (111) 5.6
Fig. 4 Merits of the Single-atom cocatalyst
Fig. 5 The category and roles of metal compound cocatalyst
Fig. 6 (a)The photocatalytic reaction mechanism of CoP/g-C3N4, (b) Dual proton adsorption site reaction process of CoP/g-C3N4
Fig. 7 The LUMO position of Pt cluster in photocatalytic H2 evolution[150]
Fig. 8 (a) Illustration of the charge transfer mechanism of CdSe@CdS/Ni; (b) The size effect of Ni on CdSe@CdS/Ni[157]
Fig. 9 (a) The mechanism for H2 production by MOx@TiO2@Pt[164], (b) The mechanism for H2 evolution on CoOx/TiO2/Pt, (c) The selective deposition of reduction and oxidation cocatalysts on different facets of BiVO4
Fig. 10 Illustration of charge transfer kinetics in photocatalyst-cocatalyst system
Fig. 11 Illustration of charge transfer of CdS/Pt with various Pt contents[176]
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