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Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (8): 1323-1330 DOI: 10.7536/PC200743 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Photocatalytic Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Soil

Xiaoping Chen, Qiaoshan Chen(), Jinhong Bi()   

  1. College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University,Fuzhou 350108, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Qiaoshan Chen, Jinhong Bi
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(51672047); Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2019J01648); Foundation of Fujian Educational Committee(JAT190055)
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As a class of persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) have been widely distributed in soil, which is highly stable, hydrophobic, cytotoxic and difficult to degrade. The PAHs are commonly produced from transportation, industrial production and waste incineration. In recent years, the increasingly serious pollution of PAHs in soil has become a great threat to soil ecology, food safety and public health. Hence, the treatment of PAHs contaminated soil is of great importance and urgently needed. Among numerous strategies for PAHs degradation, photocatalytic technology has attracted extensive attention due to its low energy consumption, facile operation and environmental friendliness. In this paper, the photocatalytic degradation mechanism and pathway of PAHs are overviewed, the current state of knowledge concerning photocatalytic remediation of PAHs contaminated soils is reviewed, and the impacts of different environmental factors on the degradation efficiency of photocatalysts are discussed. Furthermore, we summarize the challenges to apply photocatalytic technology in the field of PAHs contaminated soil remediation.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Photocatalytic mechanism of PAHs degradation

3 Applications of photocatalysts in remediation of PAHs in soil

3.1 TiO2

3.2 Iron-based materials

3.3 g-C3N4

4 The main environmental factors affecting degradation of PAHs in soil

4.1 Light irradiation

4.2 Soil thickness

4.3 Soil moisture content

4.4 Soil pH

4.5 Solid phase of soil

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, photocatalysis, soil remediation, degradation mechanism, influence factor
Table 1 The structure and basic properties of the 16 priority PAHs
PAH PAH abbreviation used Chemical structure Molecular mass(g/mol) Carcinogenicity[7]
naphthalene NAPH 128 0/+
acenaphthylene ACNY 152 0/+
acenaphthene ACN 154 0/+
fluorene FLUO 166 0/+
phenanthrene PHEN 178 0/+
anthracene ANTH 178 +
fluoranthene FANTH 202 0/+
pyrene PYR 202 +
benzo(a)anthracene B(a)A 228 +
chrysene CHR 228 +
benzo(b)fluoranthene B(b)F 252 0/+
benzo(k)fluoranthene B(k)F 252 0/+
benzo(a)pyrene B(a)P 252 ++
dibenzo(ah)anthracene DB(ah)A 278 +
benzo(g,h,i)perylene B(ghi)P 276 0/+
indene(1,2,3-cd)pyrene I(123-cd)P 276 0/+
Fig. 1 Photocatalytic degradation of PAHs by TiO2
Fig. 2 Possible pathway for degradation of B[a]P by iron oxides in neutral(a); acidic(b) and basic(c) soil[21]
Table 2 Examples for remediation of PAHs in soil by photocatalysis
Catalyst PAHs studied Experimental conditions ref
anatase TiO2
0~4 wt%		 PYR
40 mg/kg		 5 g soil, UV irradiation(253.7 nm, 119, 238, 357 μW/cm), 25 h, Distance between light source and samples 10 cm, 25 ℃, 0~40 mg/kg humic acid, 0~30 wt% H2O2 27
rutile TiO2
0~4 wt%		 PHEN, PYR
40 mg/kg		 same as above 28
anatase TiO2
0.5~3 wt%		 PHEN, PYR, B(a)P
40 mg/kg		 5 g soil, UV irradiation(254, 310, 365 nm, 1071 μW/cm), 120 h, Distance between light source and samples 15 cm, pH 4.2, 6.8, 9.7, 30 ℃, 0~40 mg/kg humic acid 29
anatase TiO2
0.5~3 wt%		 B(a)P
40 mg/kg		 same as above 30
P25 TiO2
1 wt%、10 wt%、20 wt%		 ∑12 PAH
4382 ng/g		 UV-A and UV-C irradiation, 24 h, pH 10.1, 18 and 30 ℃ 31
P25 TiO2
10 mg/mL		 FANTH
19.4 mg/kg		 200 mg soil, Xenon lamp, Extraction of FANTH from soil with 22.5 mL cyclohexane and 7.5 mL ethanol, 6 h 32
TiO2@ZnHCF
5~25 mg		 ACN, PHEN, FLUO
60~300 mg/kg		 solar light(463±181 W/m), 24 h, Water to soil ratio 30∶1, pH 5~9, 32.3±3.8 ℃ 33
Fe2O3
1~7 wt%		 PHEN, PYR, B(a)P
40 mg/kg		 5 g soil, UV irradiation(254 nm, 1071 μW/cm), 120 h, Distance between light source and samples 15 cm, pH 4.2, 6.8, 9.7, 30 ℃, 5~40 mg/kg humic acid 34
akaganeite nano-rods
0~10 wt%		 PHEN
50 μg/g		 2 g soil, UV irradiation(254, 365, 410 nm), 120 h, pH 4.5, 7.2, 9.2, 0~5 wt% oxalic acid 35
iron oxides
0~5 wt%		 B(a)P
50 μm/g		 UV irradiation(254, 365, 410 nm), 120 h, pH 5.4, 6.8, 8.1, 0~40 wt% oxalic acid 21
FeHCF
5 wt%		 B(a)P, PHEN, FLUO,
CHR, ANTH
50~200 mg/g		 0.5 g soil, sunlight(452±183 W/m) and UV irradiation, 48 h, pH 5.1, 6.8, 8.0, 31.1 ± 1.7 ℃ 36
KZnHCF
25 mg		 B(a)P, PHEN, FLUO,
CHR, ANTH
50~200 mg/		 0.5 g soil, solar light(10.04 kW/m2/day) and UV irradiation(254 nm), 48 h, pH 5.1, 6.8, 8.0 37
MMCRC
2 wt%		 PHEN
200 mg/kg		 15 g soil, Aged for a month, visible light, 10 h, Distance between light source and samples 15 cm, under 30 ℃, moisture content 60%~80% 38
g-C3N4
6 wt%		 PHEN
200 mg/kg		 visible light(15 g soil, under 30 ℃), solar light(250 g soil, 33~38 ℃), 10 h, moisture content about 60% 39
g-C3N4@Fe3O4
3 wt%		 PHEN
200 mg/kg		 15 g soil, Aged for 6 month, visible light, 2 h, under 30 ℃, moisture content about 50% 40
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