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Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (1): 136-150 DOI: 10.7536/PC200652 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Fabrication and Stability of All-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells

Huirong Peng1,2, Molang Cai1,2,3,*(), Shuang Ma1,2, Xiaoqiang Shi1,2, Xuepeng Liu1,2, Songyuan Dai1,2,3,*()   

  1. 1 School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University,Beijing 102206, China
    2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells,Beijing 102206, China
    3 State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, Beijing 102206, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Molang Cai, Songyuan Dai
  • Supported by:
    National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFB1500101); the 111 Project(B16016); the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51702096); the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1705256); the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51572080); the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61904053); and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2019MS026); and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2019MS027)
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The all-inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have attracted much attention because of their good thermal stability, high carrier mobility and excellent compatibility with tandem devices. With the in-depth study of all-inorganic PSCs and continuous optimization of the fabrication process, the power conversion efficiency of all-inorganic PSCs have exceeded 19%. However, the phase stability of all-inorganic perovskite materials is relatively poor, therefore, the preparation and long-term application of all-inorganic PSCs in the air environment still faces great challenges. By analyzing the phase transition mechanism of all-inorganic perovskite, many researchers have proposed various methods including additive engineering, interface engineering and the development of all-inorganic perovskite quantum dot solar cells to improve their long-term stability. This review summarizes the research progress of all-inorganic PSCs in recent years from the aspects of all-inorganic perovskite materials and structure of solar cells, the fabrication method of the active layer and its phase stability.

Contents:

1 Introduction

2 All-inorganic perovskite solar cells

2.1 Crystal structure of all-inorganic perovskite materials

2.2 Architecture of all-inorganic perovskite solar cells

3 Fabrication methods of all-inorganic perovskite films

3.1 Solution processing technique

3.2 Vacuum processing technique

4 Research progress on the phase stability of all-inorganic perovskite

4.1 Mechanism of phase instability

4.2 Strategy for improving phase stability

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: perovskite solar cells, all-inorganic perovskite, fabrication method, phase stability, additive
Fig. 1 Crystal structure of CsPbX3phases[27] : (a) α-CsPbX3;(b) β-CsPbX3;(c) γ-CsPbX3; and(d) δ-CsPbX3.
Fig. 2 (a) Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images of thin films obtained without and with HI annealing at 335 and 100 ℃, respectively[13];(b) Absorption spectra of CsPbI2Br fabricated by using precursor of(2CsI-PbI2-PbBr2) and(2CsI-HPbI3+ x -PbBr2). The two inserted pictures are the corresponding films photos[43];(c) Schematic of the evolution of the CsPbI2Br ?lm with the introduction of DMSO[46];(d) Steady-state photoluminescence(PL) spectra of CsPbI2Br films prepared without and with DMSO adducts[48];(e) Time-resolved PL of CsPbI2Br films prepared without and with DMSO adducts[48]
Fig. 3 Fig. 3 (a) Schematic illustration of CsPbI2Br perovskite crystallization process via gradient thermal annealing(GTA) or gradient thermal annealing with anti-solvent(GTA-ATS) processing[49] ;(b) Schematic illustration of CsPbI3 perovskite crystallization procedures via solvent-controlled growth(SCG)[16]
Fig. 4 (a) Schematic process for the preparation of CsPbBr3 ?lms obtained by the face-down dipping process[54] ;(b) Schematic process for the vacuum processing technique[42] .
Fig. 5 Fig. 5 (a) Structural phase transitions in CsPbI3 under versus temperature[63] ;(b) Schematic illustration of water-induced degradation process of all-inorganic perovskite[65] .
Table 1 Stability performance of the CsPbX3 based thin film or device after being partially replaced by different elements
Perovskite Conditions Stability ref
CsPb 0.96Bi 0.04I 3 Without encapsulation, 55% RH, 25 ℃ >168 h 77
CsPbI 2Br(4% Nb) Without encapsulation, 30% RH, 21 ℃ >24 h 78
CsPb 0.95Eu 0.05I 2Br Without encapsulation, N 2,exposed in continuous white light >370 h 79
CsPb 0.98Sr 0.02I 2Br With encapsulation, <50% RH, 25 ℃ >30 d 80
CsPb 0.9Sn 0.1IBr 2 With encapsulation, 25 ℃ >2500 h 81
CsPbI 2Br(2% Mn) Without encapsulation, 30% RH, 25 ℃ >35 d 82
CsPb 0.8Ge 0.2I 2Br Without encapsulation, 55% RH >7 h 83
Cs 0.925K 0.075PbI 2Br Without encapsulation, 20% RH, 20 ℃ >140 h 84
Cs 0.99Rb 0.01PbI 2Br Without encapsulation, 20% RH, 20 ℃ >94 h 85
Fig. 6 (a) The photograph and stability of devices based on α-CsPbI3 and CsPb0.96Bi0.04I3after exposing in air without any encapsulation[77] ;(b) Normalized power conversion efficiency(PCE) of unencapsulated CsPbI2Br and CsPb0.95Eu0.05I2Br devices monitored under continuous white light exposure as a function of time[79] ;(c) Schematic diagram of EDA 2+ and CsPbI3 cross-linking to improve phase stability[87] ;(d) XRD pattern and images of the CsPbI3·0.025EDAPbI4 film heated at 100 ℃ in a dry box for 1 week, the insets are their photographs[87] ;(e) Mechanism of PVP-induced cubic phase stability[88] ;(f) Schematic representation of CsPbI3 crystal formation from precursor solution without or with the zwitterion[30]
Fig. 7 (a) Schematic illustration of gradient Br - doping and PTA + organic cation surface passivation on CsPbI3 perovskite thin ?lm[15] ;(b) XRD patterns of CsPbI3 and PTABr-CsPbI3 thin ?lms after being exposed to 80%± 5% RH at ~35 ℃ for 0.5 h, inset is their photographs[15] ;(c) Schematic illustration of organic cation surface termination using $PEA^{+}$[29] ;(d) PCE decay of the PEA +-CsPbI3 and CsPbI3-based devices as a function of storage time in a dark and dry box with <20% RH[29] ;(e) Long-term stability of normalized PCE of CsPbI2Br-PEAX based devices stored in ambient conditions with >60% RH[98] ;(f) The air stability(humidity: ≈30%) of CsPbI2Br devices with and without DPP-DTT treatment[99]
Fig. 8 (a) Structure and SEM cross-section of the CsPbI3quantum dots devices[89];(b) Dependence of the photoluminescence quantum yield(PL QYs) of the OA/m-QDs and TOP-QDs on their particle size[104];(c) Change of the PL QY of the OA/m-QDs, TOP-QDs with versus storage time under ambient conditions[104];(d) UV-vis absorption spectra of the CsSnx Pb1- x I3 QDs. The inset shows their corresponding normalized steady-state PL spectra[12];(e)J-V curves of the best cells without(control) and with CsAc post-treatment. Inset is the PCE distribution histograms of control and CsAc-treated cells, measured under reverse scan[107]
Fig. 9 Fig. 9 (a)Schematic illustration of the CsPbI3 ?lms prepared from PbI2 or HPbI3 with CsI based precursor solutions[44] ;(b) XRD patterns acquired from a CsPbI3 thin film and powders scratched from the films. Brown lines indicate the standard β-CsPbI3 XRD pattern[31] ;(c) XRD patterns of γ-CsPbI3 thin film before and after being stored in air for 30 days[32]
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