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Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (5): 740-751 DOI: 10.7536/PC200625 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Original article •

Synthesis and Applications of Two-Dimensional V2C MXene

Song Jiang1,2, Jiapei Wang1,2, Hui Zhu2, Qin Zhang2, Ye Cong1,2,*(), Xuanke Li1,*()   

  1. 1 The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430081, China
    2 Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430081, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Ye Cong, Xuanke Li
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(51472186); National Natural Science Foundation of China(51902232)
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MXenes are general term for two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides, which have been widely used in energy storage, catalysis, electromagnetics and other fields due to their unique physical and chemical properties. As an important member of MXenes, V2C MXene has high conductivity, low transport barrier and pseudocapacitve performance ascribed to the multiple oxidation states of vanadium. Consequently, it has highlighted performances in many aspects, especially in electrochemical energy storage. However, the difficulty of synthesis caused by its high formation energy and the structural instability of V2C MXene have restricted its development. This article reviews the progress of V2C MXene in synthesis, structure, properties and applications, focusing on synthesis methods and applications in electrochemical energy storage and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. Meanwhile, the challenges and future perspective in the application of V2C MXene are outlined.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis

2.1 Synthesis of V2AlC

2.2 Synthesis of V2C MXene

2.3 Delamination of V2C MXene

3 Structure and properties

3.1 Structure

3.2 Stability

3.3 Other properties

4 Applications

4.1 Supercapacitors

4.2 Secondary batteries

4.3 Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution

4.4 Other applications

5 Conclusion and perspective

Key words: V2C MXene, synthesis, stability, electrochemical performance, application
Table 1 Experimental parameters for preparing V2AlC by different synthesis routes
Synthesized routes Composition of starting materials Temperature/ ℃ Time/h Atmosphere ref
Pressureless sintering V∶Al∶C=2∶1.3∶1 1500 4 Ar 19
Hot pressed sintering V∶Al∶C=2∶1.2∶0.9 1400 1 Ar 23
Spark plasma sintering V∶Al∶C=2∶1.5∶1 1350 - - 24
Microwave sintering V∶Al∶C=2∶1.5∶1 1300 - - 25
Molten salt synthesis VC∶V∶Al∶NaCl∶KCl = 1∶1∶1.1∶4∶4 1100 3 Ar 29
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of V2CTx preparation
Table 2 Experimental parameters for preparing V2C MXene by HF etching
MAX MXene Etching solution Temperature/℃ Time/h 2θ(°)of(002) peak ref
V2AlC V2C 50%HF RT 90 8.96 19
V2AlC V2C 50%HF RT 92 - 8
V2AlC V2C 49%HF RT 45 8.6 44
V2AlC V2C HF 35 120 12 13
V2AlC V2C 50%HF RT 92 9.21 30
V2AlC V2C 50%HF 55 8 - 76
V2AlC V2C 6 M HF RT 240 9.18, 12.73 16
V2AlC V2C 45%~49%HF RT 100 9.14 82
V2AlC V2C 40%HF 50 48 - 83
V2AlC V2C 50%HF RT 48 11.78 46
Table 3 Experimental parameters for preparing V2C MXene by other methods
MAX MXene Etching solution Temperature/℃ Time/h 2θ(°) of (002) peak ref
V2AlC V2C NaF+HCl(36%~38%) 90 72 7.46 32
V2AlC V2C LiF+HCl(36%~38%) 90 120 7.44 18
V2AlC V2C LiF+HCl(6M) RT 48 - 43
V2AlC V2C KF+HCl(36%~38%) 90 96 7.45 18
V2AlC V2C (NH4)HF2+H2O 90 120 - 18
Fig. 2 Atomic structure of pristine V2C and two structural models for terminated V2CT2
Table 4 The performance of V2C MXene as electrode for supercapacitor
Materials Electrolyte Capacitance Capacitance retention ref
V2CTx simulating seawater 317.8 F·cm-3 at 0.2 A·g-1 89.1% after 5000 cycles at 2 A·g-1 10
V2CTx 1 M Na2SO4 164 F·g-1 at 2 mV·s-1 90% after 10 000 cycles at 5 A·g-1 18
V2CTx film 1 M H2SO4 487 F·g-1 at 2 mV·s-1 83% after 10 000 cycles at 5 A·g-1 44
1 M KOH 184 F·g-1 at 2 mV·s-1 94% after 10 000 cycles at 5 A·g-1
1 M Mg2SO4 225 F·g-1 at 2 mV·s-1 99% after 10 000 cycles at 10 A·g-1
Na-V2CTx film 3 M H2SO4 1315 F·cm-3 at 5 mV·s-1 84% after 50 000 cycles at 100 A·g-1 8
Table 5 The performance of V2C MXene and its derived materials as secondary battery electrodes
Battery Materials First coulombic
efficiency/% 		Initial discharge
capacity/mAh·g-1 		Cycle
number 		Last capacity after
cycling/mAh·g-1 		ref
LIBs V2CTx 54.1 210 at 1 C 50 210 at 1 C 19
V2CTx 62.3 291 at 50 mA·g-1 500 243 at 500 mA·g-1 32
V2C@Sn 51.24 - 90 1262.9 at 100 mA·g-1 13
V2C@Co - - 1000 475 at 3 A·g-1 48
(V0.5Ti0.5)2C 64 445.9 at 1 A·g-1 1000 204.9 at 1 A·g-1 36
prelithiated V2CTx 80 547.5 at 0.05 A·g-1 5000 260.7 at 1 A·g-1 73
SIBs V2C@Mn - - 1200 70% remained at 1 A·g-1 49
Layered VN 12 - 7500 115 at 500 mA·g-1 14
Li-S S@V2C-Li/C - 1140 at 1 C 500 600 at 0.5 C 42
VO2(p)- V2C/S - 1120 at 0.2 C 500 855 at 2 C 15
Al batteries TBAOH-FL- V2CTx 42.5 392 at 0.01 A·g-1 100 80 at 0.2 A·g-1 30
ZIBs V2CTx - - 18 000 508 at 0.2 A·g-1 16
V2O5 - - 3500 279 at 2000 mA·g-1 79
Fig. 3 Volcano plot of the exchange current(i0) as a function of the average Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption[80]
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