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Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (5): 838-854 DOI: 10.7536/PC200622 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Original article •

Preparation and Application of Conjugated Microporous Polymers

Yubing Wang1, Jie Chen2, Wei Yan1,*(), Jianwen Cui3   

  1. 1 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049, China
    2 College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University,Fuzhou 350116, China
    3 Xinjiang Zhixin Technology Co.Ltd, Urumqi 830011, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Wei Yan
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(51978569)
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As a unique class within the versatile family of microporous materials, compared with ordinary conjugated polymers or porous materials, conjugated microporous polymers(CMPs) not only have π-conjugated framework but also have many micropores. Since their discovery in 2007, CMPs have been intensively studied as an important subclass of porous materials, and various interesting properties and possible applications have been discovered and described. A wide range of chemical reactions, building blocks and synthetic method offer a tremendous number of CMPs with different properties and specific structures, which drives the rapid growth of the field. CMPs have shown great potential in solving energy and environmental problems, in particular, they have demonstrated huge application prospect in gas adsorption, heterogeneous catalysis, light emittance, sensing, energy storage and biological applications. Since first discovered, CMPs are unparalleled among porous materials because they possess extended π-conjugated backbones along with the chemical and thermal stability. Nowadays, the possibility to produce solvent processable CMPs or to generate thin films on electrodes all makes CMPs an exciting field for further research. In this review, we present the recent significant breakthroughs and the conventional functions and practices in the field of CMPs to find useful applications. We start with an initial historical look at origins of porous materials and a briefly contrast between CMPs and other porous materials. Then, we present an exhaustive analysis of the design strategies with special emphasis on the topologies of amorphous porous organic materials. As following, we discuss the chemical synthesis of CMPs that gives access to a range of potential applications, with a focus on the up-to-date overview of the main fields. Finally, we give an outlook of the challenges and restrictions which CMPs research in the future. We also draw some comparisons between CMPs and the growing range of conjugated crystalline covalent organic frameworks(COFs).

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Design of conjugated microporous polymers

2.1 Topology design

2.2 Structure design of conjugated microporous polymers

3 Synthesis of conjugated microporous polymers

3.1 Synthetic reaction principles

3.2 Synthetic methods

3.3 The influence of various variables on the synthesis products during the reaction

4 Applications of conjugated microporous polymers

4.1 Gas adsorption and storage

4.2 Gas separation

4.3 Adsorption of heavy metal, dyes, solvents and other chemicals

4.4 Heterogeneous catalysis

4.5 Light emitters

4.6 Chemosensors

4.7 Electrical energy storage

4.8 Biocomplex

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: conjugated microporous polymers, multifunctional material, synthesis methods, gas adsorption, catalysis
Fig. 1 Glass network bearing composition of A2O3. Black circles represent A atoms, and white circles represent oxygen atoms[32]. Copyright 1932 American Chemical Society.
Fig. 2 (a) Structural model for PAF-1 with dia topology[15]. Copyright 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim;(b) CRN model for amorphous silica. Silicon and oxygen atoms are colored yellow and red, respectively.;(c) Amorphous model of PAF-1 [33]. Copyright 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Fig. 3 Schematic representation of reactions for the synthesis of CMPs
Fig. 4 Schematic representation of the synthesis of a soluble CMP[49]. Copyright 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Fig. 5 (left) The structure of 3-TBTBP(precursor of CMT);(right) A free-standing CMT membrane with a diameter of ~47 mm[57]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature
Fig. 6 Preparation of the microporous organic nanotube networks with amino functionality[73]. Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry(Great Britain)
Fig. 7 Schematic representation of the synthesis of spirobifluorene-based CMPs using linkers of different geometries[74]. Copyright 2009, Elsevier
Fig. 8 Schematic representation of the synthesis of triazine-based porous polymers[75]. Copyright? 2009, American Chemical Society
Fig. 9 Schematic representation of the synthesis of PTPA[79]. Copyright 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Table 1 Hydrogen storage with some CMPs
CMPs SBET(m2·g-1) Vtotal(cm3·g-1) P(bar) T(K) H2(wt%) ref
CMP-G1 997 1.32 20 77 2.69 98
CMP-G2 786 0.87 20 77 2.14 98
CP-CMP5 2241 2.07 1.13 77.3 2.24 99
S-450 292.8 0.44 1.01 77 0.77 100
S-500 459.3 0.53 1.01 77 0.86 100
S-520 564.9 0.31 1.01 77 1.08 100
S-550 579.2 0.59 1.01 77 0.39 100
RN4-Az-OH 340 0.55 1.01 77 1.1 101
RN4-OH 720 0.71 1.01 77 2.0 101
RN4-F 1230 0.95 1.01 77 1.4 101
P-Fo 611 1.00 1.1 77 118a 102
PBT-C1 685 1.60 1.1 77 124a 102
Si-HCP-1 1205 1.67 1.12 77.3 1.25 103
Table 2 Carbon dioxide storage in some CMPs
CMPs SBET(m2·g-1) Vtotal(cm3·g-1) T(K) CO2(mmol·g-1) ref
PTPA-NaF 1134 0.89 273 3.23 79
PTPA-NaI 1075 0.69 3.6 79
CP-CMP5 2241 2.07 77.3 2.24 99
PAQCB-900 1077 0.61 273 14.1a 104
PAQCB-1000 686 0.36 273 12.8a 104
PAQTB-900 1165 0.65 273 13.4a 104
RN4-F 1230 0.95 273 11.4 101
CTF-Cl-1 516 0.32 273 40.0 105
CTF-Cl-2 599 0.40 273 43.4 105
CTF-PF-3 590 0.38 273 41.1 105
CTF-PF-4 889 0.58 273 44.7 105
NCA-700 615 0.29 273 17.3a 106
NCA-800 913 0.46 273 20.9a 106
NCA-900 1541 0.72 273 26.7a 106
NCA-1000 2356 1.12 273 15.8a 106
P-Fo 611 1.00 273 45b 102
PBT-C1 685 1.60 273 46b 102
TMP-3 709 0.89 273 157c 107
PAN-NH2 612 0.50 273 12.2a 108
PAN-NH-NH2 665 0.80 273 9.7a 108
PAN-NH-CH3 748 0.57 273 14.9a 108
pTOC 929 0.61 273 43.5b 109
FCDTPA-K-700 2065 1.08 273 6.51 110
Si-HCP-1 1205 1.67 298.1 1.71 103
SN-@CMP-6 1172 1.16 273 86.5b 111
Table 3 Methane storage in some CMPs
CMPs SBET(m2·g-1) Vtotal(cm3·g-1) P(bar) T(K) CH4(cm3·g-1) ref
P-Fo 611 1.0 1.1 273 18.91 102
PBT-C1 685 1.6 1.1 273 20.51 102
TMP-1 452 0.741 1 273 14a 107
TMP-2 613 0.864 1 273 18.3a 107
TMP-3 709 0.893 1 273 22.2a 107
Fig. 10 (left) The structure of CMPAO;(right) The photographs of CMPAO-4 in the column exposed to UV light before and after uranyl adsorption[142]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 11 Schematic representation of Graphene-Based Conjugated Microporous Polymers.[149] Copyright 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
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