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Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (5): 767-778 DOI: 10.7536/PC200616 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Original article •

Flexible Pressure/Strain Sensors Based on 3D Conductive Materials

Lujie Fan1, Li Chen1(), Yin He1, Hao Liu1,2,*   

  1. 1 School of Textile Science and Engineering, TianGong University, Tianjin 300387, China
    2 Intelligent Wearable Electronic Textile Research Institute, TianGong University, Tianjin 300387, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Hao Liu
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(51473122); Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(2016M591390); Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(18JCYBJC18500)
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As an important part of intelligent wearable device, flexible pressure/strain sensors are widely used in human motion detection, health monitoring, robot and electronic skin. Among them, 3D conductive materials(such as aerogels, sponges and foams) have 3D interconnection microstructures and have excellent compressibility and conductivity, which bring a breakthrough that enables sensors to have high sensitivity and wide range. According to the raw materials for the preparation of 3D conductive materials, this article divides them into five types: biomass materials, carbon materials, polymer materials, metal nanomaterials, and MXene materials. Then, the preparation methods of 3D conductive materials and their innovation and development in the field of sensor applications are summarized. Finally, the prospect of flexible strain/pressure sensors based on 3D materials is discussed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Basic characteristics of flexible strain/pressure sensors

3 Preparation of 3D material and its application in flexible strain/pressure sensors

3.1 3D biomass materials

3.2 3D carbon materials

3.3 3D polymer materials

3.4 3D metal nanomaterials

3.5 3D Mexene materials

4 Application

5 Conclusion and prospect

Key words: 3D conductive materials, flexible pressure/strain sensors, human monitoring, electronic skin and robots
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of flexible pressure/strain sensor sensing based on three-dimensional material(a) resistive(b) capacitive
Table 1 Summary of flexible pressure/strain sensors based on 3D biomass materials
Materials Methods Transduction
Mechanisms 		Gauge Factor or
Sensitivity(Kpa-1) 		Detection limit/Pressure range Response
Time(ms) 		Stability
(cycles tested) 		ref
PDOT:PSS/CNF
/PDMS 		1)Freeze-drying
2)Annealing 		Resistance/
strain 		GF=14.8(~95%) -
100%
strain 		- 4000 50
PPy/cellulose 1)Freeze-drying
2)In-situ polymerization 		Resistance/
pressure 		58.9(0~5 kpa)
0.7(5~20 kpa) 		-
20 kpa 		- - 51
Natural Wood 1)Chemical treating
2)Freeze-drying
3)carbonization 		Resistance/
pressure 		- -
80% 		- 10 000 53
Wood/PDMS 1)Chemical treating
2)Freeze-drying
3)carbonization 		Resistance/
pressure 		10.74(0~100 kpa) -
100 kpa 		20 13 000 45
BC/MWCNTs 1)supercritical CO2
method 		Resistance/
strain 		GF=21(~16% ) -
16% strain 		390 1000 54
Chitosan/Carbon black 1)Freeze-drying
2)stirring 		Resistance/
pressure 		GF=7.5(~ 10%) 1.33%
85% 		- 200 55
KGM/SiO2 1)Electrospinning
2)Freeze-drying
3)carbonization 		Resistance/
pressure 		0.43(0~3 kpa)
1.02(>3 kpa) 		10 pa
5 kpa 		- 1000 52
Fig. 2 (a) Preparation of PEDOT: PSS/CNF aerogel[50]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society(b) An optical photograph and SEM images of KGM/SiO2 composite aerogel[52]. Copyright 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Table 2 Summary of flexible pressure/strain sensors based on 3D carbon materials
Materials Methods Transduction
Mechanisms 		Gauge Factor or
Sensitivity(Kpa-1) 		Detection limit/Pressure range Response
Time(ms) 		Stability
(cycles tested) 		ref
GR/Carboxymethyl cellulose 1)Freeze-drying
2)carbonization 		Resistance/
pressure 		GF=1.58 -
70% 		- 4000 57
GRO/cellulose
nanocrystals/X 		1)Freeze-drying
2)carbonization 		Resistance/
pressure 		GF=369.4(<0.012%)
GF=5.81(<5%) 		0.25 pa
99% 		- 10 000 58
GRO/PU sponge/
Natural Rubber 		1)Removal
template 		Resistance/
strain 		GF=210(10%~40%) -
60% 		370 - 60
GRO/
Polyorganosiloxane 		1)Crosslinking Resistance/
pressure 		- 10 pa
110 kpa 		- 10 000 63
CNT/PI 1)Freeze-drying
2)Annealing 		Resistance/
pressure 		11.28(0~5 kpa)
0.33(15~60 kpa) 		10 pa
61 kpa(80%) 		50 1000 62
CNT/rGO-CNF 1)Freeze-drying
2)Annealing 		Resistance/
pressure 		22.05(0~100 pa)
11.82(0~1 kpa)
0.44(1~-5 kpa) 		0.875 pa
5 kpa 		- 50 000 59
GO-MWNT 1)3D-printing Resistance/
strain 		- -
200% 		- 106 61
Fig. 3 (a) Process of preparing CNC/GO-X aerogel by directional freezing method[58]. Copyright 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.(b) Preparation of carbon aerogel by 3D printing [61].Copyright 2018, Spring Nature
Table 3 Summary of flexible pressure/strain sensors based on 3D polymer materials
Materials Methods Transduction
Mechanisms 		Gauge Factor or
Sensitivity(Kpa-1) 		Detection limit/Pressure range Response
Time(ms) 		Stability
(cycles tested) 		ref
PVA/CuNW Freeze-drying Resistance/
pressure 		0.267(<10 kpa) <500 pa
60% 		- - 69
PDMS/GR/
NH4HCO3 		Removal template Capacitance/
pressure 		0.12(0~10 kpa)
0.042(10~100 kpa)
0.004(100~500 kpa) 		5 pa
500 kpa 		7 >5000 14
TPU/CARBON NANOSTRUTURE
/POPCORN SALFs 		Removal template Resistance/
pressure 		GF=1.5(0~60%) 1%
60% 		- - 68
PU/CNFs/AgNW Coating Resistance/
pressure 		GF=26.07(0~0.06%) -
80% 		- 500 66
PU/AU Gold ion sputtering Resistance/
pressure 		0.059(0~4.7 kpa)
0.096(4.7~10.2 kpa)
0.122(10.2~14.2 kpa) 		0.568 pa
60% 		9 1000 67
MF carbonization Resistance/
pressure 		100.29(0~2 kpa)
21.22(2~10 kpa) 		3 pa
10 kpa 		- 11 000 70
Fig. 4 SEM images of PDMS sponge prepared with different templates:(a) Sugar cube[71]. Copyright 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.(b) PS bead [72]. Copyright 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.(c) 3D printing [73] Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society
Fig. 5 Process of preparing TPU/CNS sponge[68]. Copyright 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Table 4 Summary of flexible pressure/strain sensors based on 3D metal nanomaterials
Materials Methods Transduction
Mechanisms 		Gauge Factor or
Sensitivity(Kpa-1) 		Detection limit/Pressure range Response
Time(ms) 		Stability
(cycles tested) 		ref
AgNW/PU FOAM Coating Resistance/
Pressure and strain 		- 80% - 1000 76
AgNP/PDMS Removal template Piezoelectric/
pressure 		50(<4 kpa)
1.8(4~110 kpa)
0.8(110~200 kpa) 		4.1 pa
200 kpa 		200 50 000 77
CuNW Freeze-drying Resistance/
pressure 		0.02~0.7(0~210 pa) - 80 - 78
CuNW/PVP/PDMS Carbonization Resistance/
pressure 		0.00711(0~35 kpa) 640 pa
35 kpa- 		16 1000 79
Cu-Ag NWs/rGO/
SBS 		Doping Resistance/
Strain 		GF=87 362 -
374% 		- - 80
Table 5 Summary of flexible pressure/strain sensor based on 3D Mxene material
Materials Methods Transduction
Mechanisms 		Gauge Factor or
Sensitivity(Kpa-1) 		Detection limit/
Pressure range 		Response
Time(ms) 		Stability
(cycles tested) 		ref
MXene/rGO Freeze-drying
Annealing 		Resistance/
Pressure 		4.05(<1 kpa)
22.56(>1 kpa) 		10 pa
30 kpa 		242 10 000 86
MXene/CNCs Freeze-drying
Annealing 		Resistance/
pressure 		45.5(0~10 kpa) 1 pa
10 kpa 		189 10 000 87
MXene/BC Freeze-drying
Annealing 		Resistance/
pressure 		12.5(0~10 kpa) 1 pa
10 kpa 		167 100 000 88
MXene/PU FOAM Coating Resistance
/pressure 		147(<5.37 kpa)
132(5.37~18.6 kpa) 		9 pa
18.6 kpa 		138 10 000 89
MXene/CS/PU FOAM Coating Resistance/
pressure 		0.014(0~6.5 kpa)
0.015(6.5~85.1 kpa) 		9 pa
85% 		19 5000 90
MXene/PS/GO Freeze-drying
Annealing 		Resistance/
pressure 		61(<3.3 kpa)
334(3.3~6.4 kpa)
609(>6.4 kpa) 		6 pa
10 kpa 		232 6000 91
Fig. 6 (a,b) Sensor for detecting pulse and breathing[45]. Copyright 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim;(c~f) Sensors for detecting expressions, joint movement, and vocalization [93]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society
Fig. 7 (a)Application of sensors in the direction of electronic skin[63]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.(b) Application of sensors in the direction of robot[95]. Copyright 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
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