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Progress in Chemistry 2020, Vol. 32 Issue (8): 1231-1239 DOI: 10.7536/PC200536 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Multi-Hierarchical Structural Characterization of Biological Condensed Matters

Guohua Xu1, Kai Cheng1, Chen Wang1, Conggang Li1,**()   

  1. 1. Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Syetems, CAS, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Conggang Li
  • About author:
    ** e-mail:
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(21874149); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21925406); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21904137); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21505152)
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Biological Condensed Matters(BCM), which are composed of proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and other Biological macromolecules, are ubiquitous inside the organism. These BCM form various structures to perform different function. The determination of the high-resolution structures of these BCM is importance of understanding the life process. In Vitro, X-ray crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy(cryo-EM) and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) are the main methods to obtain high-resolution structures, while nuclear magnetic resonance and chemical cross-linking mass spectrometry have unique advantages for in situ study of the structure of BCM in living cells. Here, we mainly summarize the research progress in the characterization of the structures of BCM: including purified molecular machines and fibrils, biomolecules under crowding, confinement, liquid-liquid phase separation and in living cells.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The structural characterization of biomacromolecules in simple system

3 The structural characterization of biomacromolecules in liquid-liquid phase separation environment

4 The structural characterization of biomacromolecules in crowded and confined environments

5 The structural characterization of biomacromolecules in living cells

6 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: biological condensed matter(BCM), amyloid fiber, structure, liquid-liquid phase separation, living cells
Table 1 Structural characterization methods of BCM.
BCM Structural characterization methods
Proteins, nucleic acids and their complexes, molecular machines, chromatin (purified) Liquid NMR
X-ray
Cryo-EM
Amyloid fiber(purified) Solid-state NMR
Cryo-EM
Amyloid fiber in tissue Cryo-EM
Biomacromolecules in liquidliquid phase separation environment Liquid NMR
Biomacromolecules in crowded and confined environments Liquid NMR
Biomacromolecules in living cells Liquid NMR CXMS
Fig.1 High-resolution amyloid peptides and protein structures determined by solid-state NMR.(A) Ensemble of 20 lowest energy structures(top) and ribbon representation of the structure of TTR(105-115) in amyloid fibrils[15].(B) Structure of HET-s(218-289) fibrils(five molecules of HET-s are shown). The fibril axis is indicated by an arrow[17].(C) Ribbon representation of the lowest energy structure showing the alignment of Aβ42dimers along the fibril axis. Only residues 15-42 are shown[16]. Reproduced by reference 15~17 with permission from Copyright(2004) National Academy of Sciences(NAS), U. S. A., American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS), and the American Chemical Society(ACS), respectively
Fig.2
Fig.3 Ub3A and TTHA1718 structures in living sf9 cells[75].(A) The Ub3A structure in sf9 cells(left). Ub3A structures in sf9 cells(blue) and in diluted solution(red), showing the backbone atoms(right). (B) The TTHA1718 structure in sf9 cells(left). TTHA1718 structures in sf9 cells(blue) and in diluted solution(red), showing the backbone atoms(right). Reproduced by reference 75 with permission from John Wiley and Sons
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