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Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (4): 610-632 DOI: 10.7536/PC200534 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Research Status and Prospect of Li-Se Batteries

Yusen Ding1, Pu Zhang1, Hong Li1, Wenhuan Zhu1(), Hao Wei1   

  1. 1 Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Wenhuan Zhu
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61774102); the Startup Fund for Youngman Research at SJTU(SFYR at SJTU)(19X100040004)
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Lithium selenium batteries are very promising next-generation high-energy-density batteries with the properties of high theoretical volume energy density(3253 mAh·cm-3), high electrical conductivity(1×10-3 S·m-1),and environmental friendliness, which have gradually become a research hotspot in the field of electrochemistry. However, at present, lithium selenium batteries still face many problems such as low utilization rate of active materials, low coulomb efficiency, fast capacity decay and shuttle of polyselenides intermediates. In recent years, worldwide researchers have conducted a lot of researches on these issues. For example, a variety of carbon materials, metal compounds, selenium alloys, etc. have been used for packaging modification at the positive electrode. Solid electrolyte interface methods have been used for protection at the negative electrode. We comprehensively review the latest research progress of lithium selenium batteries in cathode, anode, electrolytes, separators, binders, current collectors, etc. especially summarize the sealing of nano selenium, the preparation of solid electrolyte protective layer, the research on multifunctional separators and the application of various binders and current collectors. Finally, we prospect the future development and commercial applications of lithium selenium batteries.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Electrochemical principles of Li-Se batteries

3 Cathode materials

3.1 Selenium/carbon composite electrodes

3.2 Selenium/auxiliary additive composite electrodes

3.3 Metal compound electrodes

3.4 Selenium alloy composite electrodes

4 Anode materials

4.1 Electrolyte additives

4.2 Protective layer(SEI method)

4.3 Anode modification

5 Lithium selenium battery electrolytes

5.1 Liquid electrolytes

5.2 Solid electrolytes

6 Multifunctional separator and separation of cathode and anode

7 Binder

7.1 Selenium cathode binder

7.2 Binderless

8 Current collectors

8.1 Current collectors' classification

8.2 Current collectors' application

9 Conclusion and outlook

9.1 Cathode material

9.2 Anode material

9.3 Other

9.4 Application and Commercialization

9.5

Prospect

Key words: lithium selenium batteries, high energy density, cathode, anode, electrolyte, separator
Fig.1 Phase transition of selenium cathode[21]
Fig.2 Se-MCNF composite cathode[23]
Fig.3 Se/Se8-CNT composite cathode[31]
Fig.4 Schematic diagram of selenium adhesion effect[43]
Fig.5 (a) CPAN/Se composite positive electrode synthesis process;(b) CPAN/Se synthesis chemical reaction formula[45]
Fig.6 Carbonized micro porous nitrogen-doped positive electrode[53]
Fig.7 MOF-Ni mesoporous carbon element mapping region:(a) element mapping domain;(b) carbon element mapping;(c) selenium element mapping;(d) nickel element mapping[75]
Table 1 Electrochemical performance table of different types of lithium selenium batteries
Li-Se Batteries Test Condition Capacity(mAh·g-1) ref
TSeCE 1 C, 500 cycles 401 29
G@Se/PANI 0.2 C, 200 cycles 567.1 37
Se50/PHCBs 0.1 C, 120 cycles 606.3 43
CPAN/Se 0.3 C, 500 cycles 600 45
Se-CP 1 C, 150 cycles 462 53
AC-700 0.1 C, 100 cycles 655 69
Se/N-CSHPC-Ⅱ 0.5 C, 200 cycles 462 73
MOF-Ni 3 C, 100 cycles 417 75
Fig.8 Schematic illustration of the proposed strategy for Se cathode stabilization:(a) porous carbon particles(such as SAC) are(b) infiltrated with Se and(c) cast on current collector foil to prepare a regular electrode;(d) cells assembled with an electrolyte containing a solid electrolyte former(such as FEC) are cycled to a potential of the electrolyte(or additive) reduction; and(e) solid electrolyte layer in situ formed both within the pores remaining after Li2Se formation and on the outer surface of the particles serves as an efficient physical barrier for solvent and polyselenide diffusion and the resulting polyselenide dissolution[92]
Fig.9 Bi2Se3 Rectangular nanosheet synthesis[96]
Fig.10 Rate performances of SenS8-n/NMC(n = 1~3) at different current densities[102]
Fig.11 Se2S6/NMC composite material synthesis[102]
Fig.12 Photograph of GenII electrolyte solvent EC-EMC alone, with insoluble Se, with Li2Se, and with a combination of the two[109]
Fig.13 Spectroscopic analysis on chemical and electro-chemical properties of SEI layer: XPS(a) C1s,(b) F1s core spectra,(c) Nyquist plot, and(d) Bode plot of Se-SAC-NR and Se-SAC-FD. Solid lines in Nyquist and Bode plots were fitted to the equivalent circuit(inset of(c))[92]
Fig.14 Impedance analysis for SeS0.7/CPAN cell before test and after fully charge to 3.0 V and rest for 2 h[114]
Fig.15 (a) Schematic configuration of a Li-Se cell with a graphene-polymer separator(b) SEM image and (c) TEM image of the graphene material used for the graphene-polymer separator[34]
Fig.16 Discharge curves of Li-Se cells with(a) the graphene-polymer separator and (b) a polymer separator at 0.5 C.(c) Upper plateau discharge capacities and (d) lower plateau discharge capacities of Li-Se cells with different separators at 0.5 C. (e) Electrochemical impedance spectra of Li-Se cells with a graphene-polymer separator and a polymer separator.(f) Cyclic voltammograms of the cell with the graphene-polymer separator at 0.1 mV·s-1 in the potential window from 1.7 to 2.8 V vs. Li+/Li[34]
Fig.17 Morphology of the carbon interlayer:(a) and(c) before cycling,(b),(d) and(e) after 20 cycles at C/10 rate, and(f) elemental mapping of(e)[117]
Fig.18 (a) Schematic illustration for the in situ synthesis of C/Se composites;(b) Photograph of sealed vacuum glass tube after annealing[123]
Fig.19 Schematic presentation of the procedures to prepare a 3D porous Cu foil from a planar Cu foil[129]
Fig.20 3D current collector: The distribution of the electrons in the current collectors in the electrical field is schematically presented; the dashed lines illustrate the possible position where Li would be deposited[129]
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