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Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (1): 66-77 DOI: 10.7536/PC200463 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Preparation of H2O2 By Photocatalytic Reduction of Oxygen

Yifan Lei1,2, Shengbin Lei1,*(), Lingyu Piao2,*()   

  1. 1 Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072, China
    2 CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, Beijing 100190, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Shengbin Lei, Lingyu Piao
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21972028); the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21872103)
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H2O2 is widely used in the fields of chemical industry and environmental protection. The only product of its decomposition is water, which is environmentally friendly and conducive to the coordinated and sustainable development of production. The industrial synthesis of H2O2 is mainly indirectly through the anthraquinone method, which consumes a lot of energy and pollutes the environment. The preparation of H2O2 directly from the mixture of H2 and O2 has great safety risks and requires a large amount of H2. The method of converting O2 and H2O into H2O2 through photocatalytic technology avoids the direct mixing of H2 and O2, and uses endless solar energy as an energy source, which has attracted much attention in recent years. This article summarizes the research progress of photocatalytic reduction of O2 to H2O2, compares and analyzes the reaction performance and control measures of different catalytic systems, such as g-C3N4, TiO2, and other photocatalysts, and the mechanisms of photocatalytic preparation of H2O2. In the end, the development of this field is prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Detection of HO and evaluation of catalyst activity

2.1 Detection method of hydrogen peroxide

2.2 Activity evaluation index

3 Catalyst for photocatalytic O2 reduction

3.1 Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C3N4) based photocatalysts

3.2 Titanium dioxide(TiO2) based photocatalysts

3.3 Other Photocatalysts

4 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: photocatalysis, O2 reduction, H2O2, solar energy, water splitting
Fig. 1 Oxidation-reduction potential of each reaction in the process of oxygen reduction
Fig. 2 Formation mechanism of H2O2 on g-C3N4 surface[30] . Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society
Table 1 Literature summary of g-C3N4 system for photocatalytic reduction of O2 to produce H2O2
Photocatalyst Co-catalyst Sacrificial
agent 		Catalyst amount H 2O 2 yields efficiency Irradiation
conditions 		Time Ref
1 C,O/GCN / / 1 g·L -1 2.01 μmol·L/(g·h) AQY=7.23% λ=420 nm 2019 32
2 P,K/GCN / / 1 g·L -1 500 μmol/(g·h) / 300 W Xe Lamp(λ≥420 nm) 2019 33
3 Ultra-thin porous
GCN 		BN QDs isopropanol 1 g·L -1 72.30 μmol/(g·h) / 300 W Xe Lamp(λ≥420 nm) 2019 34
4 GCN Au ethanol 4 g·L -1 16.89 μmol/(g·h) / 300 W Xe Lamp(λ≥420 nm) 2019 35
5 Soluble PCN / ethanol 0.50 g·L -1 25 μmol·L/(g·h) / UV LED Lamp 2019 36
6 GCN NiCoP ethanol 1 g·L -1 307 μmol·L/(g·h) / 300 W Xe Lamp(λ≥420 nm) 2019 37
7 O/GCN / / 1 g·L -1 633 μmol/(g·h) / 250 W high-pressure Na Lamp 2019 38
8 Na +/GCN / isopropanol 0.14 g·L -1 ~3786 μmol/g / 300 W Xe Lamp(λ≥420 nm) 2019 39
9 GCN Phosphate EDTA 1 g·L -1 900 μmol/(g·h) / 250 W high-pressure Na Lamp 2018 40
10 K +、Na +/GCN / / 1 g·L -1 767 μmol/(g·h) / 250 W high-pressure Na Lamp 2018 13
11 GCN/PDI RGO/BN / 1.67 g·L -1 1.84 μmol·L/(g·h) AQY=7.3%
SCC=0.27% 		2 kW Xe Lamp(λ≥420 nm) 2018 21
12 Nv-GCN / ethanol 1 g·L -1 367 μmol/(g·h) / 250 W high-pressure Na Lamp 2018 19
13 C/GCN / isopropanol 1 g·L -1 317 μmol/(g·h) / 300 W Xe Lamp 2018 15
14 Nv-GCN / / 1 g·L -1 170 μmol/(g·h) SCC=0.26%
AQY=4.3% 		300 W Xe Lamp(λ≥420 nm) 2018 41
15 g-C 3N 4-SiW 11 / methanol 1 g·L -1 15.20 μmol·L/(g·h) / 300 W Xe Lamp(AM 1.5filter) 2018 42
16 PIx-NCN
Heterojunction 		/ / 1 g·L -1 60 μmol·L/(g·h) QY=3.2%min -1 300 W Xe Lamp 2017 43
17 Ni/GCN / / 1 g·L -1 1283 μmol/(g·h) / 250 W high-pressure Na Lamp 2017 44
18 MTI/GCN / / 1.67 g·L -1 0.69 μmol·L/(g·h) SCC=0.18% 2 kW Xe Lamp(λ≥420 nm) 2017 45
19 K、P、O/GCN / ethanol 0.5 g·L -1 ~486 μmol/(g·h) AQY=8.0%(420 nm)
AQY=26.2%(320 nm) 		300 W Xe Lamp(λ≥420 nm) 2017 29
20 Cv-GCN / / 1 g·L -1 90 μmol/(g·h) / 300 W Xe Lamp(λ≥420 nm) 2016 46
21 BDI/GCN / / 1.67 g·L -1 1.02 μmol·L/(g·h) AQY=4.6%(420 nm)
SCC=0.13% 		λ >420 nm 2016 47
22 PDI/rGO/GCN / / 1.67 g·L -1 0.72 μmol·L/(g·h) AQY=6.1%(420 nm)
SCC=0.2% 		2 kW Xe Lamp(λ≥420 nm) 2016 48
23 MMO@C 3N 4 / / 1 g·L -1 42 μmol/(g·h) / 300 W Xe Lamp 2016 16
24 Mesoporous GCN / ethanol 4 g·L -1 0.94 μmol·L/(g·h) / Xe Lamp(λ > 420 nm) 2015 30
25 GCN / ethanol 4 g·L -1 0.63 μmol·L/(g·h) / Xe Lamp(λ > 420 nm) 2014 31
26 GCN/PDI / / 1.67 g·L -1 0.63 μmol·L/(g·h) / λ=420~500 nm 2014 17
Fig. 3 Reduction mechanism of O2 on TiO2 surface in the presence of sacrificial agent[50] . Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society
Table 2 Literature summary on photocatalytic reduction of O2 to produce H2O2 in TiO2 system
Photocatalyst Co-catalyst Sacrificial
agent 		Catalyst amount H 2O 2 yields efficiency Irradiation conditions Time Ref
1 TiO 2 Pd/APTMS / 0.5 g·L -1 300 μmol/(g·h) SCC= 0.05% Xe Lamp 2019 52
2 TiO 2 C shell isopropanol 0.5 g·L -1 60 μmol/(g·h) / 300 W Xe arc Lamp(λ ≥ 320 nm) 2019 53
3 TiO 2 Au / 0.5 g·L -1 2650 μmol/(g·h) AQY= 17.29% 367 nm UV 2019 54
4 TiO 2 SN-GQD / 0.5 g·L -1 902 μmol/(g·h)
(Simulate sunlight)165.6 μmol/(g·h)(Visible light) 		/ 500 WXe Lamp
Visible light λ≥420 nm
Simulate sunlight
λ≥300 nm 		2018 55
5 SiNW-TiO 2 Au/Sc 3+ / / 40 mM / AM 1.5G 2014 12
6 TiO 2 Au&Ag ethanol 1 g·L -1 150 μmol/(g·h) / λ >280 nm 2012 10
7 Zn 2+/TiO 2 / HCOONa 0.5 g·L -1 146.7 μmol/(g·h) / 125 W Medium pressure Hg lamp 2007 56
8 F -/TiO 2 / HCOOH 0.5 g·L -1 2000~2600 μmol/g / 40 W fluorescent lamp 2005 57
9 Cu 2+/TiO 2 / / 100 g·L -1 0.96 μmol/(g·h) / 500 W High pressure
mercury lamp 		2003 58
Fig. 4 Formation and decomposition of H2O2 on the surface of TiO2 and Au/TiO2[10] . Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society
Fig. 5 Synthesis route of organic ligand electronically modified Pd supported TiO2 and two ways of electronically modified Pd to reduce O2[52]
Fig. 6 Production mechanism of H2O2 in two-phase system[64] . Copyright 2019, Angewandte Chemie
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