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Progress in Chemistry 2020, Vol. 32 Issue (8): 1184-1202 DOI: 10.7536/PC200435 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Condensed Matter Chemistry under High Pressure

Xiaoyang Liu1,**()   

  1. 1. State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Xiaoyang Liu
  • About author:
    ** e-mail:
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21271082); the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40673051); the National Natural Science Foundation of China(20471022)
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This article introduces the effects of high-pressure conditions on the electronic structure and crystal structure of condensed matter, including the outer electronic structure, band structure and crystal defects, and also the increase in atomic coordination number, the element’s abnormal oxidation, structural phase transitions, and state transitions. At the same time, the chemical reactions of condensed matter under high pressure are introduced from ten aspects. Finally, the future development of condensed matter chemistry under high pressure is prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Effect of high pressure on the electronic and crystal structure of condensed matter

2.1 Effect of high pressure on the outer electronic structure of the elements

2.2 An increase in the atomic number caused by high pressure

2.3 Abnormal oxidation states of elements caused by high pressure

2.4 Structural phase transitions caused by high pressure

2.5 Effect of high pressure on band structure

2.6 Effect of high pressure on crystal defects

2.7 State changes caused by high pressure

3 Chemical reaction of condensed matter under high pressure

3.1 Metallization of hydrogen

3.2 High-pressure polymerization of small inorganic molecules

3.3 High-pressure polymerization of organic compounds

3.4 High-pressure synthesis of poly-nitrogen compounds

3.5 High-pressure synthesis of MOFs

3.6 High-pressure synthesis of inert element oxides

3.7 Reaction of alkali metal with inert gas under high pressure

3.8 Effect of high pressure on the morphology and structure of nanocrystals

3.9 Synthesis of Na-Cl compounds under high pressure

3.10 Promoting effect of high pressure on chemical reaction

4 Conclusions and outlook

Key words: condensed matter chemistry, high-pressure, electronic structure, crystal structure, chemical reaction
Fig.1 LaCoO3 cell volume and lattice constant as a function of pressure [6]. Copyright 2007, American Physical Society
Fig.2 Effect of high pressure on Co—O bond length and Co—O—Co—O bond angle in LaCoO3 crystals [6]. Copyright 2007, American Physical Society
Fig.3 Schematic diagram of change of Fe2+ 3d orbital electron spin state with pressure[7]. Copyright 2005, United States
Fig.4 Unit cell of ideal ABO3 perovskite structure[9]. Copyright 2004, John Wiley and Sons Inc
Fig.5 Schematic diagram of spin rearrangement of manganese oxide under high pressure[23]. Copyright 2007, IOP Publishing Ltd
Fig.6 Ge flips on a Ge-Te3 tetrahedron under pressure. Blue: Ge, Green: Cr, Pink: Te[40]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society
Fig.7 Phase Ⅲ sample and data.(a) Microscope image of the hydrogen sample at 212 GPa and room temperature(phase Ⅲ conditions), illuminated by both transmitted and reflected light. The inset shows the measured Raman vibron;(b) Merged raw XRD images showing the XRD spots. The colour code defined in the key—with red, green and blue representing the(100),(002) and(101) reflections, respectively—is used in b~d;(c) Montage of the 26 XRD spots, showing the quality of the data;(d) Quality of indexing, showing the d spacing of the(100),(002) and(101) reflections measured at different Ω angles. Dashed lines show the d values calculated using fitted unit cell parameters[51]. Copyright 2019, Nature Publishing Group
Fig.8 Phase Ⅳ sample and data.(a) Microscope image of the H2 sample at 232 GPa and room temperature(phase Ⅳ conditions) illuminated by both transmitted and reflected light. The upper inset shows a magnified image on the sample area corresponding to the red dashed box; the three blue dots mark the SXRD sampling positions. The lower inset shows the measured Raman vibrons(v1 and v2); the blue arrow marks the characteristic new peak of phase Ⅳ;(b) Merged raw XRD images showing the XRD spots. Red, green and blue symbols denote the(100),(002) and(101) reflections, respectively, in b~d;(c) Montage of 40 XRD spots showing the quality of the data;(d) Quality of indexing, showing the d spacing of the(100),(002) and(101) reflections measured at different Ω angles. Dashed lines show the d values calculated using fitted unit cell parameters;(e) Comparison of d spacings of reflections from samples measured using the 2 × 1 μm2 X-ray beam with those measured using the nano-probe[51]. Copyright 2019, Nature Publishing Group
Fig.9 [—(C=O)—]n polycarbonyl chain with alternating head-to-tail orientation of C=O Gray: C atom, Red: O atom[57]. Copyright 2015, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig.10 Structure of polymerized pyridine[60]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig.11 Crystal structure of Fe3N2 (orange: Fe, blue: N) [63]. Copyright 2018, Nature Publishing Group
Fig.12 Crystal structure of FeN with NiAs type(orange: Fe, blue: N)[63]. Copyright 2018, Nature Publishing Group
Fig.13 (a) Mechanism for the solventless high pressure synthesis of ZIF-8 from 2-methylimidazole(mlm) and ZnO;(b, c) high-resolution TEM images of ZIF-8 HP 5 min;(d) FFT of the inset of image(c) which corresponds to the [321] zone axis[73]. Copyright 2013, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig.14 Crystal structure of Na2He at 300 GPa:(a) Ball-and-stick representation(pink: Na, grey: He);(b) Electron localization function(ELF) plotted in the [110] plane at 300 GPa[86]. Copyright 2017, Nature Publishing Group
Fig.15 Schematic demonstration of the proposed pressure-sintering process[90]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society
Fig.16 Crystal structures of Na chlorides.(A)Pm3-NaCl7;(B)Pnma-NaCl3;(C)Pm3n-NaCl3;(D)P4/mmm-Na3Cl;(E)P4/m-Na3Cl2;(F)Cmmm-Na3Cl2;(G)P4/mmm-Na2Cl;(H)Cmmm-Na2Cl;(I)Imma-Na2Cl. Blue and green spheres denote Na and Cl atoms, respectively. Copyright 2013, American Association for the Advancement of Science
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