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Progress in Chemistry 2020, Vol. 32 Issue (10): 1592-1607 DOI: 10.7536/PC200322 Previous Articles   Next Articles

Flexible Conductive Polymer Composites in Strain Sensors*

Zhaoying Pan1, Jianzhong Ma1,**(), Wenbo Zhang2,**(), Linfeng Wei3   

  1. 1. National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
    2. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
    3. School of Materials Science Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Jianzhong Ma, Wenbo Zhang
  • About author:
    **e-mail:(Jianzhong Ma)
    (Wenbo Zhang)
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(21908141); National Natural Science Foundation of China(52073164); Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2019GY-171)
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The development of flexible and wearable sensors in the past decade has made them have good application prospects in personalized medicine, human-computer interaction and intelligent robots. Flexible conductive polymer composite materials composed of conductive materials and elastic polymers, which have high stretchability, excellent flexibility, durability and other characteristics, can be used to prepare flexible sensors with wide sensing range and high sensitivity. This article reviews the composite types (filled type strain sensors, sandwich type strain sensors, adsorption type strain sensors) and sensing mechanisms (tunneling effect, disconnection mechanism, crack propagation) of stretchable strain sensors based on flexible conductive polymer composite materials. The structure design of the composite materials used for the sensor is introduced in detail, including the internal structure (double percolation structure, segregation structure, porous structure, and “brick-and-mortar” structure), surface structure (wrinkles structure and microcrack structure) and macro structure (fiber structure, net structure, film structure). The internal structure design can reduce the materials’ percolation threshold, the surface structure design can improve the sensor performance, and each macro structure has its own characteristics. Finally, the developments of the sensors in material selection, preparation technology, structure design, compound mode, additional performance and application direction are prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Types of strain sensors based on flexible conductive polymer composites

2.1 Filled-type strain sensors

2.2 Sandwich-type strain sensors

2.3 Adsorption-type strain sensors

3 Internal structures of flexible conductive polymer composites for strain sensors

3.1 Double percolation structure

3.2 Segregation structure

3.3 Porous structure

3.4 “Brick-and-mortar” structure

4 Surface structures of flexible conductive polymer composites for strain sensors

4.1 Wrinkles structure

4.2 Microcrack structure

5 Macro structures of flexible conductive polymer composites for strain sensors

5.1 Fiber structure

5.2 Net structure

5.3 Film structure

6 Sensing mechanisms of strain sensors based on flexible conductive polymer composites

6.1 Tunneling effect

6.2 Disconnection mechanism

6.3 Crack propagation

7 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: flexible, conductive polymer, composites, strain, sensor
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the filled type strain sensor fabrication process[34]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society
Fig.2 Fabrication process of sandwich type BGB strain sensor[45]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society
Fig.3 Fabrication process of adsorption type strain sensor based on rGOPEB[51]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Fig.4 TEM images (a and b) and structure diagram (c) of SBR/NR-GE double percolation network. Region A corresponds to the SBR phase and region B represents the NR phase containing f-GE[53]. Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig.5 Structure diagram and SEM image of segregation structure of PDMS/MWCNTs composite material[57]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig.6 Structure diagram (a) and SEM images (b,c) of porous structure of GPN-PDMS composite materials[72]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society
Fig.7 Schematic illustration (a) and SEM image (b) of the Ti3C2Tx-AgNW-PDA/Ni2+ nanocomposite film based on the “brick-and-mortar” architecture[76]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society
Table 1 The internal structure of different composites and their advantages and disadvantages
Internal structure Advantage Disadvantage ref
Double percolation structure Low percolation threshold Conditions are difficult to control 53
Segregation structure Lower percolation threshold High technical requirements 58
Porous structure High sensitivity The preparation process is complex 50
“Brick-and-mortar” structure Good mechanical properties High percolation threshold 76
Table 2 The surface structure of different composites and their advantages and disadvantages
Surface structure Advantage Disadvantage ref
Wrinkles structure High stretchability Low sensitivity 85
Microcrack structure High sensitivity Worse stability 92
Fig.8 (a) SEM images and illustrations of typical hierarchical wrinkles in the rGO layer deposited on the released PEA substrate; (b) Wrinkles structure changes under different strain of HWETC and SEM images are shown of short- and long-period wrinkles under the different HWETC strains[85]. Copyright 2016, Wiley-Blackwell
Fig.9 Crack structure diagram and SEM image of CCTSS[92]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society
Table 3 The macro structure of different composites and their advantages and disadvantages
Macro structure Advantage Disadvantage ref
Fiber structure Various preparation methods Bad stability 96
Net structure Good breathability Bad stability 101
Film structure Various structural design Bad breathability 104
Fig.10 Optical photos (a, b) and SEM images (c, d) of coaxial fiber and response (e) of sensor in monitoring finger bending[96]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society
Fig.11 Single jersey textiles knitted by using (a) single- and (b) four-ply yarn of MXene/PU composite fiber and their schematic illustrations. (c) Photos of Elbow sleeve knitted by using four-ply yarn of MXene/PU composite fiber as-knitted on an elbow at straight and bent conditions and its strain sensing response curve[101]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH Verlag
Fig.12 (a) Optical photo of thin film strain sensor; (d) Obstructive sleep apnea test by the human subject[104]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society
Fig.13 Schematic view of CNT conductive network including tunneling effect[109]. Copyright 2014, American Institute of Physics
Fig.14 Schematic diagram of separation mechanism of graphite/silk fiber sensor and the equivalent electrical diagram[112]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society
Fig.15 Crack propagation mechanism of CNTs films/PDMS strain sensors. (a) Series of optical images of the CNTs films/PDMS composite being stretched from 0% to 60%; (b) Chinese paper cuttings simulating the change of crack morphology from unstrained to strained states; (c) Average gap width versus strain loading; (d) The resistance model of a sensing unit[113]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry
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