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Progress in Chemistry 2020, Vol. 32 Issue (12): 2004-2012 DOI: 10.7536/PC200317 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Application of Ionic Liquids in Aluminum and Alloy Electrodeposition

Fengguo Liu1, Bo Wang1, Lianyu Zhang1, Aimin Liu1, Zhaowen Wang1, Zhongning Shi1,2,**()   

  1. 1 Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral(Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
    2 State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Zhongning Shi
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 51804070); the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No. N182503033); the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N172502003)
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Ionic liquids have been considered as the solvent media to meet the needs of sustainable and green chemistry because of the characteristics of non-volatilization, non-combustion, high thermal stability, wide electrochemical window and so on. As a variety of active metals and alloys can be electrodeposited in ionic liquids at room temperature, ionic liquids have attracted much attention. In this review, we present the application progress of ionic liquids in electrodeposition of aluminum and aluminum alloy in recent years systematically. The types of ionic liquids used in electrodeposition of aluminum and aluminum alloy are classified. The mechanism of metal electrodeposition is summarized. The electrodeposition technology of aluminum with different morphologies as well as binary and ternary aluminum alloy is described in detail. Furthermore, the existing theoretical and technical problems on aluminum and alloy electrodeposition in ionic liquids are discussed, and the potential development direction is also prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Types of Ionic Liquids

3 Mechanism of Metal Electrodeposition in Ionic Liquids

4 Aluminum Electrodeposition in Ionic Liquids

5 Aluminum Alloy Electrodeposition in Ionic Liquids

6 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: ionic liquids, aluminum alloy, electrodeposition, light metals
Fig.1 Publications on ionic liquids indexed by ISI Web of Knowledge from 1990 to 2019(2020-03)
Table 1 Types of AlCl3 containing ionic liquids and metals/alloys eletrodepostion
Types Ionic Liquids Names Abbreviation Names Metals/Alloys Deposits
AlCl3-imidazole 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Emim]Cl Al[15 ?~17]
Al-Mg[18]
Al-Cu[19]
Al-Zn[20]
Al-La[21]
Al-Zr[22]
Al-Mn[23]
Al-Mn-Zr[24]
Al-In-Sb[25]
Al-Mo-Mn[26]
Al-Mo-Ni[27]
Al-W-Mn[28]
Al-Cr-Ni[29]
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Bmim]Cl Al[30 ? ?~33]
Al-Co[34]
Al-Ce[35]
Al-Ti[37]
Al-Ni[38]
AlCl 3-pyridine 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Amim]Cl Al[39]
1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride [MoeMim]Cl Al[40]
l,3-dibenzyl-imidazolium chloride [DBzmim]Cl Al[41]
l-benzyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride [Bzmim]Cl Al[41]
1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide [Emim]Br Al[42]
1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium fluoride [Emim]F Al[43]
N, N’-dimethyl imidazolium perfluoro-3-oxa-4,5-dichloro-pentan-sulphonate $[IMI] [CF_{2}ClCFClOCF_{2}CF_{2}SO_{3}^{-}]$ Al[44]
1-butyl-3methylpyridinium chloride [BMPyri]Cl Al[45]
1,2,4,6-tetramethyl pyridinium perfluoro-3-oxa-4,5-dichloro-pentan-sulphonate $[PYR] [CF_{2}ClCFClOCF_{2}CF_{2}O_{3}^{-}]$ Al[44]
4-propylpyridine 4-Pr-Py Al[46]
N-( n-butyl) pyridinium chloride BPC Al[47]
Al-Cr[48]
Al-Ti[49]
Al-Ni[50]
Al-Co[51]
AlCl 3-hyamine trimethylphenylammonium chloride TMPAC Al[53]
trimethylamine hydrochloride TMHC Al[55]
Al-Fe[56]
triethylammine hydrochloride Et 3NHCl Al-Cu[57]
Al-Ni[58]
Al-Zr-Cu[59]
AlCl 3-pyrrole benzyltrimethylammonium chloride BTMAC Al-Pt[60]
1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride [Py 1,4]Cl Al[45]
1-butylpyrrolidine - Al[61]
1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethylsulfonate [Py 1,4]TfO Al-Fe[62]
Al-Cu[63]
AlCl 3-Others 1-butyl-1-methyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Py 1,4]Tf2N Al[65]
tetramethyl guanidinium perfluoro-3-oxa-4,5-dichloro-pentan-sulphonate $[GUA] [CF_{2}ClCFClOCF_{2}O_{3}^{-}]$ Al[66]
γ-butyrolactone GBL Al[67]
ethylene carbonate EC Al-Li[68]
Al-Nd[69]
urea - Al[70]
amide(acetamide/propionamide/butyramide) - Al[71]
poly(ethylene glycol)-KCl PEG-KCl Al[72]
choline chloride-ethylene glycol Ethaline Al[73]
dimethylsulfone DMSO 2 Al[74]
Fig.2 Structural formulae of several cations
Fig.3 Schematic representation of growth of Al electrodeposited from the [Emim]Cl-AlCl3(0.5 mol%) bath using the galvanostatic polarization(GP), monopolar current pulse polarization(MCP) and bipolar current pulse polarization(BCP) methods[15]
Fig.4 Different morphologies of aluminum deposits obtained in ionic liquids: (a) nanocrystalline[40],(b) sphericity[85],(c) wires[55],(d) nanorods[86],(e) nanopillars[87]
Fig.5 Alloy elements electrodeposited in AlCl3containing ionic liquids
Fig.6 (a~f)SEM images of Al-Ti alloy coatings electrodeposited in [Bmim]Cl-AlCl3ionic liquids[36]: (a) 0.22 mol·L-1 TiCl4, 1 mA·cm-2, Al91.9Ti8.1;(b) 0.22 mol·L-1 TiCl4, 3 mA·cm-2, Al90.2Ti9.8;(c) 0.22 mol·L-1 TiCl4, 5 mA·cm-2, Al88.6Ti11.4;(d) 0.22 mol·L-1 TiCl4, 10 mA·cm-2, Al89.8Ti10.2;(e) 0.05 mol·L-1 TiCl4, 1 mA·cm-2, Al64.2Ti35.8;(f) 0.05 mol·L-1 TiCl4, 10 mA·cm-2, Al94.1Ti5.9,(g~j)SEM images of Al-Ti alloy electrodeposited in NaCl-AlCl3low temperature molten salts[88]: mole ratio of F/Ti in electrolyte(g) 0.5,(h) 1.0,(i) 2.0,(j) 4.0
Fig.7 (a~d)SEM images of Al-Mg alloy on Cu substrate electrodeposited in [Emim]Cl-AlCl3ionic liquids[83]: (a) deposition potential: -0.3 V;(b) deposition potential: -0.5 V;(c) cathode current density: -33.3 A·m-2;(d) cathode current density: -42.0 A·m-2;(e,f)SEM images of Al-Mg alloy electrodeposited in Na[AlEt4]-Na[Et3Al-H-AlEt3]-AlEt3-toluene[90]:(e) deposition potential: -4 V, featherlike morphology;(f) deposition potential: -5 V, globular morphology
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