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Progress in Chemistry 2020, Vol. 32 Issue (7): 906-916 DOI: 10.7536/PC191223 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Wood-Derived Carbon Functional Materials

Yun Lu1,**(), Jingpeng Li3, Yan Zhang2, Guorui Zhong2, Bo Liu1, Huiqing Wang2,**()   

  1. 1. Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
    2. Department of Polymer, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
    3. China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • Received: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Yun Lu, Huiqing Wang
  • About author:
    ** e-mail: (Yun Lu);
    (Huiqing Wang)
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870535); National Natural Science Foundation of China(51603059)
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The wood-based carbon skeleton is derived from natural wood after pyrolysis. The wood-derived carbon inherits the hierarchical structural of the pore morphology and connectivity formed by the long-term evolution of wood. Due to its special structure, the carbon skeleton has huge application potential in the aspects of biological templates, sensors, oil absorbent, nanomaterial preparation, etc. The hierarchical wood-derived carbon skeleton could be further treated as a new type of scaffold, after the micro-/nano- scale modification and secondary regulation of the pores, it has extremely broad application in many innovative fields such as seawater desalination, environmental remediation, energy storage materials and electrochemical catalysis. This article first introduces the hierarchical structure of wood, describes several important stages of structural changes in the process of the wood pyrolysis, and then summarizes the application of wood-derived carbon skeleton as advanced materials in recent years. We also discuss the pros and cons of the functional carbon in the application, and prospect the future research works of wood-based carbon materials. The purposes of this review are to re-examine and functionally develop the wood hierarchical structure and to promote the development of wood as advanced materials.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The pyrolysis process of wood

3 Porous wood carbon skeleton as bio-template

4 Functional utilization of micro- and nano- hierarchical channels in wood carbon skeleton

4.1 Highly compressible carbon sponge

4.2 The wood matrix derived microreactor

4.3 Water transpiration and desalination of marine

5 Wood-derived carbon skeleton in energy materials

6 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: wood, carbonization, micro-/nano-structure, functional materials, hierarchical structure
Fig.1 (a) Schematic of wood structure and definition of the three main planes used to describe both gymnosperm and angiosperm specimens[23];(b) illustration of the hierarchical structure of wood showing different levels[5]
Fig.2 Structure evolution during pyrolysis of wood. Left column: X-ray scattering patterns showing in succession the scattering from crystalline cellulose fibrils in wood, and from amorphous structureless carbon, turbostratic carbon, and highly crystalline graphite, respectively, obtained from the pyrolysis of wood. The scattering angle range is from 0.2°~27° at a wavelength λ = 0.154 nm, covering the small-angle (SAXS) and part of the wide-angle (WAXS) region. Right column: Transmission electron micrographs (upper three images) and Raman spectra (lower two graphs, x-axis is the Raman shift in cm-1), demonstrating the transformation of a fibrillar structure into a homogeneous, amorphous material during pyrolysis and the growing carbon crystallites at high temperatures. Middle column: Sketch of the proposed nanostructure (size of the box is about 20 nm) illustrating the loss of fibrillar structure, the formation of tur-bostratic graphite platelets and their crystal growth[1]
Fig.3 (a) Different routes to biomorphic SiC materials and composites by infiltration of a porous carbon precursor[23];(b) microstructure of porous bioSiC obtained from Si vapour infiltrated-pine char[24]
Fig.4 Graphical illustration of the design and fabrication process of the fragile wood carbon and the highly compressible wood carbon sponge[28]
Fig.5 Mechanical compressibility and elasticity of wood-based scaffolds. (a)~(c) Photographs of the wood-based scaffold before compression (a), under compression (b), and after release (c). (d) Stress-strain curves of wood-based scaffolds with different maximum strains of 20%, 40% and 60%, respectively. (e) Stress-strain curve of wood-based scaffolds under cyclic com-pression with a maximum strain of 40%. (f) Height retention of the wood-based scaffold during fifty cycles with a maximum strain of 40%. The inset illustrates the repeated compression of the wood-based scaffold.
Fig.6 (a) Schematic of the microwave heating setup. (b) Image of the heating process taking place and the resulting light emitted from the material. (c) Schematic of metal oxide nanoparticles fabricated within the C-wood substrate by the 3D heating treatment at ≈1400 K for 4 s[29]
Fig.7 Model of the catalytic degradation process in Mn3O4/TiO2/wood matrix as a microreactor; (a) Initial flux and rejection rate of wood matrix with different treatment for filtering MB solution; (b) Flux ratio of Mn3O4/TiO2/wood matrix filtration for 180 min without H2O2 and treated by five times intermittent H2O2 rinse[30]
Fig.8 Graphical illustration of the flexible solar steam generator made from CNT-coated flexible wood membrane[33]
Fig.9 (a) Graphical illustration of the natural tree. (b) Longitudinal wood blocks can be prepared in extremely large scale from natural wood by cutting along the tree growth direction. (c) Reverse-tree design of artificial tree as a high-performance solar steam generation device by surface carbonizing the longitudinal wood block. (d) Photo images of a large, longitudinal surface carbonized wood block that can float on seawater, suggesting its potential application in solar steam generation and water purification in a low-cost and scalable manner[39]. (e) Schematic showing (left) our self-regenerating solar evaporator design, and (right) multidirectional mass transfer in the evaporator[38]
Fig.10 (a) Graphical illustration of the design concept and construction process of the all-wood-structured supercapacitor. (b) Graphical illustration of the design concept of ultrathick 3D electrode using a 3D conductive carbon framework as current collector. (c) The illustration of fabrication procedure of ultrathick LCO cathode by wood templating[40]
Fig.11 The advantages of wood-based 3D thick electrode[40]
Fig.12 Fabrication process of the MgO@WC/Li composite. (a) A schematic of the material design and the subsequent synthesis from natural wood, to WC, MgO@WC, and, finally, to MgO@WC/Li composite within 20 mAh·cm-2 Li. (b)The cor-responding SEM images of wood, WC, MgO@WC and MgO@WC/Li composite, which indicates Li deposited into the WC channels completely[45]
Fig.13 A 3D conductive carbon frameworks as Current Collectors: (a) Morphology and microstructure; (b) Structure stability; (c) Cycling performance of the ultrathick LFP-CF electrode and the conventional thick LFP electrode at 2 mA·cm-2. (d) SEM images for the wood carbon/MnO2 (MnO2@WC) composite. (e) Pictures of the AWC anode, wood separator, MnO2@WC cathode and the all-wood structured all-solid state asymmetric supercapacitor. (f) Electrochemical performances of the anode, cathode and the all-wood structured all-solid state asymmetric supercapacitor[40]
Fig.14 Schematic diagram of the Li-O2 batteries with the CA-wood/Ru cathode. The CA-wood/Ru cathode has open and aligned microchannels which are well preserved after carbonization and activation. The porous framework of carbonized and activated wood acts as a 3D current collector for fast electron transport and a high-surface-area substrate for Ru nanoparticles anchoring. The hierarchically porous, open, and low-tortuosity microchannels allow unimpeded Li-ion transport and oxygen gas diffusion[47]
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Abstract

Wood-Derived Carbon Functional Materials