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Progress in Chemistry 2020, Vol. 32 Issue (6): 792-802 DOI: 10.7536/PC191122 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Electrochromic Energy-Storage Devices Based on Inorganic Materials

Zhan Wu1, Xiaohan Li1, Aowei Qian1, Jiayu Yang1, Wenkui Zhang1, Jun Zhang1,**()   

  1. 1. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Jun Zhang
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51777194); the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LR20E020002); the Zhejiang Provincial Xinmiao Talent Project(2018R403001)
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Electrochromism and electrochemical energy-storage share the same electrochemical principles of redox reaction that occurs when the charge is inserted or removed in the electrode. An electrochemical device that integrates electrochromic and electrochemical energy storage functions is defined as an electrochromic energy-storage device. Although single-function electrochromic devices and electrochemical energy-storage devices have been widely reported and commercialized, the research on electrochromic energy storage devices is still in the experimental stage. Such devices can change their transmittance in the visible or even infrared range while electrochemically storing energy, and can indicate the state of charge of the device with color change, providing a new application prospect for electrochemical devices. Electrochromic energy-storage devices mainly include electrochromic supercapacitors, electrochromic batteries, and photo-driven electrochromic smart windows. Electrochromic supercapacitors and electrochromic batteries are composed of positive and negative electrodes with materials having both electrochromic effects and charge storage properties, and photo-driven electrochromic smart windows include an additional photoelectric conversion component. These devices can be used in building energy-saving smart windows, static displays, smart sensors, etc. In addition, when fabricated on flexible substrates, these wearable electrochromic energy-storage devices have potential applications in smart apparel, implanted displays and electronic skins. In this review, we discuss the electrochromic energy-storage devices from the basic principles, research progress, application fields, and future research prospects.

Contents

1 Introduction
2 Electrochromic batteries
3 Electrochromic supercapacitors
4 Photo-driven electrochromic devices
5 Flexible electrochromic energy-storage devices
6 Conclusion and outlook
Key words: electrochromism, electrochemical energy storage, lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, flexible devices
Fig. 1 Structure and mechanism of the EC devices[4]
Fig. 2 Representative structure and working mechanism of electrochromic energy-storage devices
Fig. 3 (a) The working mechanism of the Al-tungsten oxide electrochromic battery;(b) the state of charge of the Al-tungsten oxide electrochromic battery is associated with its transparency;(c) cyclic voltammetry(CV) curve of the two electrode Al-tungsten oxide battery in AlCl3(1 M aqueous) between 0~1.2 V;(d) the first discharge capacity and the specific accumulative discharge capacity of the recovered Al-tungsten oxide electrochromic battery recharged by oxygen and $H_{2}O_{2}$[6]
Fig. 4 (a~c) Structure and working mechanism for the ZIEB electrochromic battery;(d) visible-near infrared transmittance spectrum of the battery measured before and after discharging;(e) in situ self-coloring process of the ZIEB;(f) galvanostatic charge and discharge curves of the WO3 anode at 0.5 mA·cm-2 between 0.1 and 1.2 V;(g) visible near-infrared transmittance spectra of WO3 cathode measured at 0.1 and 1.2 V in 1 M $ZnSO_{4}-AlC_{3}$[16, 17]
Fig. 5 CVs of Li4Ti5O12(a) and LiMn2O4(c) samples at various scan rates.(b) Transmittance spectra of a charged(blue) and discharged(black) Li4Ti5O12 transparent thin film electrode compared to the pure FTO-glass substrate(grey).(d) Transmittance spectra of a charged(orange) and uncharged(green) LiMn2O4 electrode. Optical photographs of a Li4Ti5O12 thin film electrode in its colorless discharged(e) and dark-blue colored charged state(f). The LiMn2O4 electrode showed a green color in the uncharged state(g) changing to orange when being charged(h)[24]
Fig. 6 (a) Optical photo of the bleached EC device, and(b) the EC device recovered for 1 h;(c) in bleached state with connected circuit showing no light from the LED;(d) in colored state with connected circuit powering a LED;(e) Transmittance spectra of the original self-powered PB/Al EC device(original curve) and the bleached device at various recovery times from 0, 5 min to 4 h;(f) galvanostatic discharge and charge curves of the PB/Al cell at a current density of 2000 mA·g-1 [26]
Fig. 7 (a) Cross-sectional electronic micrograph of a mesoporous V2O5 thin film on a FTO substrate;(b) structure,(c) photograph,(d) Ragone plot and (e) optical transmittance spectra of the electrochromic supercapacitor[34]
Fig. 8 (a) Schematic of a patterned supercapacitor electrode composed of W18O49 and PANI;(b1~5) Images of the supercapacitor electrode at several typical states;(c) CV curves of the PANI film, W18O49 nanowire film, and hybrid smart supercapacitor electrode;(d) areal capacitance values for the three electrodes[35];(e) the structure of the WO3/PANI electrochromic supercapacitors; and(f) the relation between time and color of the device under different potential(-1 ~ 1 V)[36]
Fig. 9 (a) XRD and structure of W18O49 NW;(b) SEM and TEM(inset) images of W18O49 NW;(c) CV curves at a scan rate of 10 mV·s-1,(d) in situ transmittance variation curve between colored and bleached state, and(e) coloration efficiency of the W18O49 nanowires film in 1.0 M PC-Al(ClO4)3, PC-LiClO4, PC-NaClO4 [13]
Fig. 10 (a)Schematic diagram of photochromic device driven by light[44];(b) two integration modes of DSSC system and electrochromic device(type Ⅰ and Ⅱ)[46];(c) photo of photochromic device driven by light;(d) photographs of photochromic device driven by light at different states[47]
Fig. 11 (a) Structure diagram of integrated photochromic and lithium-ion storage device;(b) electrochromic effect of photochromic device and lithium-ion battery integrated device[53];(c) mesoporous structured WO3 and PANI as electrodes for electrochromic devices[55]
Fig. 12 (a) CV curves of W18O49 NW/SCNTs composite electrodes under different bending degrees;(b) schematic diagram of nanostructured PANI prepared by combining CV and GS;(c) PANI film with good flexibility and electrochromic effect prepared by combining CV and GS[40];(d) schematic diagram of preparation process of flexible transparent supercapacitors[62]
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