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Progress in Chemistry 2020, Vol. 32 Issue (6): 698-712 DOI: 10.7536/PC190942 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Supersaturation Theory and Supersaturating Drug Delivery System(SDDS)

Yifan Xue1, Wenhui Meng1, Runze Wang2, Junjie Ren1, Weili Heng1, Jianjun Zhang1,**()   

  1. 1. School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
    2. School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Jianjun Zhang
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81703712, 81773675, 81873012); the “Double First-Class” University Project(CPU2018GY11, CPU2018GY27)
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In drug research and development, it is a big challenge to effectively improve the solubility/dissolution and in vivo absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. Currently, supersaturating drug delivery system(SDDS), taking advantage of the drug solution in a supersaturated state, can simultaneously improve the apparent solubility and permeability of drugs. The current article systematically reviews the theory of supersaturation and its application, including generation and maintenance of supersaturation, and the relationship with in vivo drug absorption. Commonly used approaches, especially amorphous solid dispersion, co-crystal, amorphous/co-amorphous systems, have been introduced.

Contents

1 Introduction
2 Synopsis of supersaturation 2.1 Generation2.2 Maintenance2.3 Stability2.4 The relationship between supersaturation and in vivo drug absorption
3 Supersaturating drug delivery system(SDDS) 3.1 Amorphous solid dispersion3.2 Co-amorphous3.3 Co-crystal3.4 Salts3.5 Nanocrystal3.6 Others
4 Conclusion and outlook
Key words: supersaturation, solubility, permeability, absorption, supersaturating drug delivery system(SDDS)
Fig. 1 Schematic drug concentration-time profiles illustrating the spring and parachute approach of supersaturated solutions
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the influence of crystallization inhibitors on supersaturated solutions(illustrated by the example of polymer)
Fig. 3 Schematic temperature-composition phase diagram of an API in water.(L1: solubility of crystalline drug; L2: solubility of amorphous drug; L3: drug concentration in drug-rich phase.) [79]
Fig. 4 Free energy of mixing versus composition diagram in a homogeneous solution[86]
Fig. 5 Free energy function of mixing for two liquids with a miscibility gap[61]
Fig. 6 Four variables-time schematic diagrams(figure a contains drug concentration in drug-rich phase/activity of drug/flux-time curve; figure b is the percentage of drug absorption-time curve)[82]
Fig. 7 Common types of supersaturating drug delivery system(SDDS)
Table 1 Part of examples of Supersaturating Drug Delivery Systems(SDDS)
Drug BCS Trade Name Preparation Method Carrier or Coformer or CCF or Acid/Base ref
Amorphous
Cefuroxime Axetil Ⅱ Ceftin? 162
Nelfinavir Mesylate Ⅱ Viracept? 162
Rosuvastatin Calcium Ⅱ Crestor? 162
Quinapril Hydrochloride Ⅱ Accupril? 162
Zafirlukast Ⅱ Accolate? 162
ASD
Itraconazole Ⅱ Sporanox? Spray-drying HPMC 163
Lopinavir、Ritonavir Ⅱ Kaletra? Melt-extrusion PVPVA64 164
Ritonavir Ⅱ Norvir? Melt-extrusion PVPVA64 164
Griseofulvin Ⅱ Gris-PEG? Melt-extrusion PEG 164
Fenofibrate Ⅱ Fenoglide? Spray-extrusion PEG 164
Everolimus Ⅱ Certican? Spray-drying HPMC 164
Etravirine Ⅳ Intelence? Spray-drying HPMC 162
Celecoxib Ⅱ Spray-drying PVP and SDS 128
Itraconazole Ⅱ Spray-drying HPMC-AS 165
Ticagrelor Ⅳ Solvent Evaporation TPGS and Neusilin? US2 129
Curcumin Ⅳ Co-milling Chitosan Oligosaccharide 130
Nobiletin Ⅱ Hot-melt Extrusion Methyl Hesperidin 166
Co-amorphous
Docetaxel Ⅳ Rotary Vacuum Evaporation Myricetin 140
Docetaxel Ⅳ Vibrational Ball Milling Bicalutamide 167
Carvedilol Ⅱ Spray-drying Aspartic Acid 168
Lurasidone Hydrochloride Ⅱ Rotary Vacuum Evaporation Saccharin 50
Indomethacin Ⅱ Hot-melt Extrusion and Spray-drying Arginine and Copovidone 131
Atorvastatin Calcium Ⅱ Solvent Evaporation Nicotinamide 132
Lurasidone Hydrochloride Ⅱ Solvent Evaporation Repaglinide 134
Atorvastatin Calcium Ⅱ Solvent Evaporation Carvedilol 133
Ritonavir Ⅱ Solvent Evaporation Indomethacin 135
Co-crystal
Valsartan Ⅱ Entresto? Sacubitril 169
Ipragliflozin Ⅱ Suglat? L-proline 169
Sodium Valproate Ⅱ Epilim? Valproic Acid 170
Ketoconazole Ⅱ Slow Solvent Evaporation Fumaric Acid 54
Oxyresveratrol Ⅱ Balls Milling Citric Acid 171
Acetazolamide Ⅳ Grinding and Solvent-Evaporation Proline 148
Hydrochlorothiazide Ⅳ Grinding Nicotinamide 147
Crystal salts
Lurasidone Hydrochloride Ⅱ Latuda? 172
Fingolimod Hydrochloride Ⅱ Gilenya? 173
Ketoconazole Ⅱ Slow Solvent Evaporation Oxalate Acid 54
Celecoxib Ⅱ Slow Solvent Evaporation Sodium Hydroxide 29
Nanocrystal
Aprepitant Ⅳ Emend? Wet Media Milling 174
Sirolimus Ⅱ Rapamune? Wet Media Milling 174
Fenofibrate Ⅱ TriCor? Wet Media Milling 174
Megestrol Acetate Ⅱ Megace ES? Wet Media Milling 174
Itraconazole Ⅱ Rapid Wet Milling 163
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