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Progress in Chemistry 2020, Vol. 32 Issue (6): 817-835 DOI: 10.7536/PC190931 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Strategies for Interfacial Modification in Perovskite Solar Cells

Fanning Meng1, Caiyun Liu1, Liguo Gao1,**(), Tingli Ma2,3,**()   

  1. 1. State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
    2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
    3. Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Liguo Gao, Tingli Ma
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51772039, 21703027, 51273032)
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Recently, the certified efficiency of perovskite solar cells(PSCs) has reached 25.2%, which are considered to be the most promising candidate for next-generation thin-film solar cells. However, uncontrollable film morphology and poor crystallinity of perovskite prepared by the solution process restrict the improvement of stability and large-area production of PSCs. To solve this problem, researchers have carried out the interfacial modification between perovskite layer and charge transport layer. Herein, we summarize applications of strategies for interfacial modification in perovskite solar cells from the perspective of methods, materials, and characterization. Meanwhile, the promising prospects of interfacial modification in low-cost and large-area PSCs are provided.

Contents

1 Introduction
2 Structure of PSCs
3 Effect of interfacial modification on PSCs
4 Strategies for interfacial modification

4.1 Methods

4.2 Materials

4.3 Characterization

5 Conclusion and outlook
Key words: perovskite solar cells, perovskite layer, electron transport layer, hole transport layer, interfacial modification
Fig. 1 (a) Schematic of regular(n-i-p) architecture;(b) Schematic of regular(p-i-n) architecture[51]. Copyright 2018, WILEY-VCH
Fig. 2 Structure of the PSCs with LiF/PbF2 interfacial modification at SnO2/PVK interface[63]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 3 Top view SEM images of (a) KCl thin film(treated with 150 mg·mL-1 KCl solution) and (b) that coated with perovskite precursor solution: scale bars ~3 μm.(c) A schematic diagram of K+/Cl- movement in PVK[64]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 4 (a) Sulfur-functionalized electron transport layer via xanthate annealing;(b) Interfacial structure of the corresponding device[65]. Copyright 2018, WILEY-VCH
Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of a PSC based on the self-assembled monolayer modified SnO2 ETL[67]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 6 (a) Preparation process of dopamine modi?cation layer;(b) Schematic diagram of the dopamine self-assembly between SnO2 and PVK; and(c) Typical device structure[68]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society
Fig. 7 (a) Scheme of PSC structure;(b) Charge transfer and transport pathways in PSCs with Al2O3 as blocking underlayer[44]. Copyright 2017, WILEY-VCH
Table 1 The photovoltaic parameters of PSCs fabricated via different methods for interfacial modification
No. Method Device structure Interfaces V oc(V) J sc(mA·cm-2) FF PCE(%) ref
1 Sol-gel method n-i-p ETL/PVK 0.888 17.0 0.62 9.7 6
2 Sol-gel method n-i-p ETL/PVK 0.997 16.5 0.727 12.0 58
3 Sol-gel method n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.056 21.64 0.741 17.01 59
4 Sol-gel method n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.086 23.83 0.762 19.71 60
5 Sol-gel method n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.0806 23.33 0.762 19.2 61
6 Sol-gel method n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.08 24.54 0.769 20.87 62
7 Vacuum evaporation n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.16 21.6 0.737 18.33 63
8 Spin-coating n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.124 21.82 0.793 19.44 64
9 Spin-coating n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.06 22.61 0.769 18.41 65
10 Spin-coating n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.11 24.54 0.769 20.87 66
11 Molecular self-assembly n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.16 21.93 0.72 18.32 67
12 Molecular self-assembly n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.05 21.80 0.739 16.87 68
13 Atomic layer deposition n-i-p FTO/ETL 0.99 18.53 0.6 11.0 44
14 Atomic layer deposition n-i-p PVK/HTL 1.08 21.7 0.77 18.0 45
Fig. 8 Application of transparent polymer for interfacial modification in PSCs[35,36,38].(a) PMMA modifying the interface of HTL/Ag[35], Ref 35 Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society;(b) PS insulating layer modifying the interface of PVK/ETL[36], Ref 36 Copyright 2016, WILEY-VCH;(c) SWCNT/GO/PMMA modifying the interface of PVK/Ag[38], Ref 38 Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 9 Schematics of the carrier dynamics model in PSCs(a) without and(b) with a PMMA layer[46]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society
Fig. 10 (a) Schematic of the device structure;(b) Schematic diagram of the first-principle density functional theory calculation of the electrostatic potential for all functional groups on the PMMA chain[48]. Copyright 2018, WILEY-VCH
Fig. 11 Schematic diagram of molecular structures of carbon nanomaterials for interfacial modification in PSCs,(a) α-bis-PCBM[43],(b) functionalized graphene oxide[73],(c) graphdiyne[74],(d) functionalized carbon quantum dots[77]. Ref 43 Copyright 2017, WILEY-VCH; Ref 73 Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry; Ref 74 Copyright 2015, WILEY-VCH; Ref 77 Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society
Fig. 12 The device configuration of inverted planar PSCs; The chemical structures of the fullerenes used as the ETL and the diethanolamine surface modifier used for NiO anode modification; Energy levels of the device[71]. Copyright 2016, WILEY-VCH
Fig. 13 Possible nature of trap sites and proposed passivation mechanism. (a) Loss of iodine at the surface of the perovskite leads to vacancy sites(hollow boxes) and a resulting net positive charge residing on the Pb atom(shown in green). Photogenerated electrons are then able to fall into this Coulomb trap site, thus neutralizing the charge and rendering the crystal more stable. (b) Thiophene or pyridine molecules can donate electron density to the Pb and form a coordinate or dative covalent bond, effectively neutralizing the excess positive charge in the crystal[82]. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society
Fig. 14 (a) Schematic illustration of gradient Br doping and PTA organic cation surface passivation on CsPbI3 PVK thin film. XRD patterns evolution of (b) CsPbI3 and PTABr-CsPbI3 thin films heated 80 ℃ in a N2 glovebox for 72 h and(c) PTABr-CsPbI3 and CsPbI3 thin films after exposed to 80%±5% RH at ~35 ℃ for 0.5 h; inset is their photographs[88]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society
Fig. 15 Schematic illustration of two neighboring grain structures cross-linked by methyl groups of ZIF-8[92]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 16 Schematic illustration of PCBM/CeO x ETL composite for interfacial modification in p-i-n structural PSC[93]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society
Fig. 17 SEM images of PVK films based on (a) SnO2, (b) SnO2/S1(one time treatment),(c) SnO2/S3(three times treatment),(d) SnO2/S5(five times treatment); Column graphs of PVK grain size statistics are shown below correspondingly[65]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH
Table 2 The photovoltaic parameters of PSCs fabricated via different materials for interfacial modification
No. Material Device<break/>structure Interface V oc(V) J sc (mA·cm-2) FF PCE(%) ref
1 PMMA p-i-n PVK/ETL 0.888 17.0 0.62 9.70 34
2 PMMA n-i-p HTL/Ag 1.02 22.71 0.66 15.30 35
3 PS p-i-n PVK/ETL 1.10 22.9 0.806 20.30 36
4 PMMA n-i-p PVK/HTL 1.13 23.7 0.77 21.30 37
5 SWCNT/GO/PMMA n-i-p PVK/HTL 0.97 17.7 0.6 10.40 38
6 PMMA/PCBM n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.16 23.1 0.762 20.40 47
7 PMMA n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.213 22.6 0.761 20.86 48
8 PS n-i-p PVK/HTL 1.09 23.56 0.787 20.20 49
9 α-bis-PCBM n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.13 23.95 0.74 20.80 43
10 C60(CH2)(Ind) p-i-n PVK/ETL 1.13 20.4 0.8 18.10 71
11 Functionalized graphene n-i-p PVK/HTL 0.95 20.58 0.658 12.81 72
12 Functionalized graphene n-i-p PVK/HTL 0.94 23.6 0.658 14.60 73
13 Graphdiyne n-i-p PVK/HTL 0.941 21.7 0.713 14.58 74
14 Graphdiyne n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.128 22.73 0.79 20.55 75
15 Graphdiyne quantum dots n-i-p PVK/HTL 1.124 22.48 0.787 19.89 76
16 Carbon quantum dots n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.136 21.36 0.78 18.89 77
17 Carbon nanoparticles n-i-p PVK/HTL 1.16 22.1 0.71 18.30 78
18 Pyridine n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.15 22.0 0.73 18.50 81
19 Pyridine n-i-p PVK/HTL 1.05 24.1 0.72 16.50 82
20 Thiophene n-i-p PVK/HTL 1.02 21.3 0.68 15.30 82
21 IPFB n-i-p PVK/HTL 1.06 23.38 0.67 15.70 83
22 4-DMABA p-i-n PVK/ETL 1.11 19.87 0.8 19.87 84
23 Formamide n-i-p PVK/HTL 1.17 16.90 0.81 15.86 85
24 PEAI n-i-p PVK/HTL 1.11 18.5 0.696 14.3 86
25 FAL n-i-p PVK/HTL 1.08 22.79 0.756 18.60 87
26 PTABr n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.104 18.76 0.806 17.06 88
27 BrBeAI n-i-p PVK/HTL 1.25 15.33 0.763 14.63 89
28 TMAH n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.17 23.22 0.739 20.1 90
29 CTAB n-i-p PVK/HTL 1.11 23.20 0.74 18.95 91
30 ZIF-8 n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.02 22.82 0.73 16.99 92
31 CeO x p-i-n PVK/ETL 1.115 21.82 0.768 18.69 93
32 CoO n-i-p PVK/HTL 1.181 23.19 0.7568 20.70 94
33 TX p-i-n HTL/PVK 1.094 23.10 0.7498 16.23 95
34 Pr-ITC, Ph-DITC n-i-p PVK/HTL 1.068 22.85 0.7608 18.57 96
35 SmBr3 n-i-p ETL/PVK 1.17 12.75 0.73 10.88 97
36 PTFTS p-i-n HTL/PVK 1.10 20.89 0.819 18.82 98
37 Ca(acac)2 p-i-n ETL/Ag 1.086 23.45 0.7914 20.15 99
38 TFTPA p-i-n PVK/ETL 1.13 21.41 0.802 19.39 100
Fig. 18 Cross-sectional SEM images of PSCs incorporating FAPbI3 films prepared using the FAI·PbI2·(DMSO1- x thiourea x ) adducts(a,c) without(x=0) and(b,d) with thiourea(x=0.2)[80]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society
Fig. 19 AFM morphology images and corresponding height profiles across grain boundaries of the perovskite films((a, d) without;(b, e) with PS-5 and(c, f) PS-5 film thoroughly washed with chlorobenzene)[49]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier Ltd
Fig. 20 The in situ pc-AFM photocurrent mapping results and corresponding topography information along with aging time for (a, b) the pristine MAPbI3 film and (c, d) the 4-DMABA modified MAPbI3 film. The scale bars in(a~d) are 1 μm. The dashed squares highlight the same region(position shifted) of the films during pc-AFM tests.(e) Optical images of the two kind MAPbI3 films before and after several hours of aging. The test conditions regarding light and humidity are given.(f) The pc-AFM photocurrent mapping results and corresponding topography information of the two kinds of MAPbI3 film after keeping them under ambient conditions in the dark for 1 month[84]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 21 Dipole alignment of FAL-passivated perovskite films. KPFM images of perovskite film (a) before and after FAL passivation using (b) vacuum-free hot vapor assisted colloidal process and(c) solution process[87]. Copyright 2018, WILEY-VCH
Fig. 22 μ-Photoluminescence mapping of as prepared MAPbI3(a), and after bleaching and recrystallization of MAPbI3 recovered in N2 atmosphere(b), dark color represents photoluminescence intensity average 10 000 counts while the bright color indicates enhanced intensity, average 150 000 counts[81]. Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry
Fig. 23 (a) PL spectra of PVK film on SnO2 or SnO2/S substrates;(b) TRPL of PVK based on the SnO2 substrate with and without sulfur functionalization;(c) EIS of MAPbI3 PSCs with fitting results under the equivalent circuit model[65]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH
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