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Progress in Chemistry 2020, Vol. 32 Issue (5): 519-535 DOI: 10.7536/PC190907 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Application of Viscoelastic Fluid in Passive Particle Manipulation Technologies

Chen Ni1, Di Jiang1,**(), Youlin Xu1, Wenlai Tang2   

  1. 1.School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
    2.School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Di Jiang
  • About author:
    ** e-mail:
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(51805270); National Natural Science Foundation of China(51805272); Key Technology R&D Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2018010-1); Key Technology R&D Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2018010-2)
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Microfluidics, which can precisely manipulate micron-sized particles, has been widely used in medical, pharmaceutical, biological and chemical fields. The passive manipulation technologies without external field effect have become a research hotspot because of their simplicity and autonomy. Compared with other passive manipulation technologies, viscoelastic focusing technology makes it easier to achieve three-dimensional focusing of particles, and can manipulate particles with a large-scale span and a wide range of fluid flow. Therefore, this paper reviews the latest research on viscoelastic fluids in particle passive manipulation applications. Firstly, the force mechanism of particles in viscoelastic fluid in different microchannel structure is introduced. Then, the research progress of viscoelastic focusing, sorting, mixing and other viscoelastic particle manipulation applications is further elaborated. Finally, the numerical simulation method for studying the flow characteristics of viscoelastic fluids and the movement law of particles in it are introduced, and some prospects for the future development of viscoelastic microfluidics are made based on the analysis of existing problems.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Viscoelastic focusing

2.1 Viscoelastic focusing in straight microchannels

2.2 Viscoelastic focusing in curved microchannels

3 Viscoelastic sorting

3.1 Sheath-flow sorting

3.2 Sheath-free sorting

4 Other applications

5 Numerical simulation

6 Conclusion and prospects

Key words: viscoelastic fluid, microfluidics, particle focusing, particle sorting, numerical simulation
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the equilibrium position of particles subjected to inertial lift in straight microchannels (a) circular section;(b) square section[32];(c) rectangular section[32];(d) Reynolds number increased [32];(e) elastic force added[61]
Fig. 2 Particles focusing in different straight microchannels under different conditions (a) 0.05 wt% PEO solution(left) and 8% PVP solution(right) in straight square microchannel[61];(b) 1% PEO solution in straight cylindrical microchannel[63];(c) 1% PEO solution in straight cylindrical microchannel[64];(d) 5ppm λ-DNA solution in straight square microchannel[37];(e) 0.8 wt% HA solution in straight square microchannel[60]
Fig. 3 (a) Two-dimensional focusing of red blood cells[77];(b) Particle focusing map in straight rectangular microchannels with different aspect ratios[78];(c) Focusing map of two different sizes of particles[78];(d) Schematic diagram of four stages of particle focusing[79];(e) Schematic diagram of double inlet channel[80]
Fig. 4 (a) Focusing map of 1.5 and 10 μm diameter particles[86];(b) Schematic diagram of six stages of particle focusing[85];(c) Three-dimensional single-line focusing map of particles in a spiral microchannel[84]
Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the microchannel structure using sheath-flow sorting[100]
Fig. 6 (a) Schematic diagram of particle separation in a T-shaped microchannel[102];(b) Migration of mixed particles under different conditions[102];(c) Migration of spherical and peanut-shaped particles[103]
Fig. 7 (a) Schematic diagram of the microchannel structure in which exosomes and EVs are located[105];(b) Schematic diagram of a multi-spiral microchannel[88];(c) Schematic diagram of a microchannel with deterministic lateral displacement arrays[106]
Fig. 8 (a) Schematic diagram of the microchannel of particles migration from viscoelastic fluid to Newtonian fluid[108];(b) Schematic diagram of the microchannel of particles migration from Newtonian fluid to viscoelastic fluid[111];(c) Schematic diagram of the separation of particles under three different conditions(sheath/sample)[111]
Fig. 9 (a) Schematic diagram of the migration of deformable particles and rigid particles in the microchannel[112];(b) Snapshot of the separation of rigid PS particles and fresh RBCs[112];(c) Separation map of mixed particles[114]
Fig. 10 (a) Schematic diagram of particle migration in a microchannel with a single-sided cavity array structure [117];(b) Schematic diagram of a double spiral microchannel[87];(c) Schematic diagram of a microchannel with two-stage structure[118];(d) Schematic diagram of particle migration in a microchannel with two-stage structure[119, 120]
Table 1 Summary of various particle sorting methods in viscoelastic microfluidics
Authors Particles Sheat flow Sheath/sample flow Sample flow rate Separation purity(the former)
Nam et al[100] 1 μm/5 μm PS
Platelets/blood cells		 Yes Viscoelastic/Viscoelastic fluid 30 μL/h 99.9%
>99.8%
Liu et al[105] 0.1 μm/0.5 μm PS
Exosomes/EVs		 Yes Viscoelastic/Viscoelastic fluid 200 μL/h >90%
>90%
Zhou et al[88] 0.1 μm/0.3 μm PS
Exosomes/EVs		 Yes Viscoelastic/Viscoelastic fluid 25 μL/min >95%
92.8%
Faridi et al[107] 2 μm/5 μm PS
Bacteria/whole blood		 Yes Viscoelastic/Viscoelastic fluid 30 μL/h 93%
76%
Ha et al[108] 9.9 μm/2 μm PS Yes Newtonian/Viscoelastic fluid 40 μL/min 97.5%
Yuan et al[110] 5 μm/0.8 μm PS
10 μm/0.8 μm PS
Jurkat cells		 Yes Newtonian/Viscoelastic fluid 2 μL/min 94.4%
100%
92.8%
Tian et al[111] Staphylococcus aureus/platelets Yes Viscoelastic/Newtonian fluid 300 μL/h 97%
Yang et al[112] PS/RBCs No - 160 μL/h 98.2%
Li et al[114] 10 μm/5 μm/3 μm PS No - 300 μL/h 95.2%
Del Giudice et al[60] 20 μm/10 μm PS No - 2 μL/min 96%
Lu et al[115] Spherical/peanut shaped particles No - 150 μL/h 95.2%
Yuan et al[117] Plasma/blood cells No - 50 μL/min 99.93%
Liu et al[87] 0.1 μm/2 μm PS
λ-DNA/platelets		 No - 1.4 μL/h 95%
96%
Nam et al[119] 5 μm/10 μm PS No - 0.05~0.14 μL/min 99.9%
Nam et al[120] Malaria parasites/WBCs No - 400 μL/min 99%
Nam et al[118] 5 μm/10 μm PS
MCF-7 cells/WBCs		 No - 20 μL/min
200 μL/min		 99%
97%
Fig. 11 (a) Schematic diagram of fluid mixing in a straight microchannel the side channel[124];(b) Schematic diagram of a microchannel with cross-slot region[129]
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