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Progress in Chemistry 2019, Vol. 31 Issue (10): 1384-1395 DOI: 10.7536/PC190320 Previous Articles   Next Articles

The Detection of Circulating Tumor DNA: From Digitalization to Sequencing

Zhaoxuan Fan1,2,3,4, Liang Zhao1,2,3,4,**(), Xueji Zhang1,2,3,4,**()   

  1. 1. The Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
    2. Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
    3. School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
    4. Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • Received: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Liang Zhao, Xueji Zhang
  • About author:
    ** E-mail: (Liang Zhao);
    (Xueji Zhang)
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(21675011); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21727815); Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(FRF-TP-17-001A2)
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Circulating tumor DNA(ctDNA), the main item of liquid biopsy, is DNA fragments from tumor genome that carries certain characteristics(including single nucleotide variation, deletion, insertion, rearrangement, copy number variation, and methylation) in the human blood circulation system. It mainly originates from apoptotic or necrotic tumor cells. The detection and analysis of ctDNA can provide genomic information in tumors, such as copy number variation, single nucleotide mutation, and methylation enrichment across the genome. It has a certain correlation with tumor size and development and considered as an emerging and promising tumor biomarker for cancer progression, reoccurrence, and routine monitoring after surgery. Compared with other tumor markers, the isolation method is relatively simple due to the stability of ctDNA. However, the extremely low abundance of ctDNA, the high content of background cell free DNA(cfDNA), the large difference between individuals, and the need of predicted detection sites in advance make it necessary to analyze ctDNA in a comprehensive way. Herein, we summarize the recent progress on ctDNA detection from digital PCR to next generation sequencing, including some commercialized apparatuses and certain methods that have recently been developed.

Key words: circulating tumor DNA, liquid biopsy, digital PCR, sequence
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of circulating tumor DNA(ctDNA) origin[20]
Fig. 2 Digital PCR technology in the lab.(a) Schematic diagram of the microfluidic digital PCR chip with the smallest single separation volume(36 fL)[96].(b) The microfluidic digital PCR chip with 1 million of partitions[97].(c) Self-powered integrated microfluidic point-of-care low-cost enabling(SIMPLE) chip[98]
Fig. 3 Microfluidic digital PCR chip based on step emulsification microdroplets generation.(a) Rapid assembly of chip devices and step emulsification to generate microdroplets.(b) Micrograph of nozzle spacing 480 μm on the chip.(c) Micrograph of nozzle spacing 240 μm on the chip.(d) Device of theintegrate 8 samples droplets generation.(e) Monolayer micrograph after microdroplets generation. Scale bar=200 μm[99]
Fig. 4 (a) Illustration of targeted amplicon sequencing(TAm-Seq)[112].(b) Schematic depicting CAPP-Seq selectors and its application in ctDNA assessment[114].(c) Workflow of WES for ctDNA analysis[118]
Fig. 5 Bioinformatics and microfluidic technology based next generation sequencing presents a great potential value in ctDNA analysis
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