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Progress in Chemistry 2019, Vol. 31 Issue (2/3): 394-412 DOI: 10.7536/PC180505 Previous Articles   Next Articles

Layered Double Hydroxides(LDHs): Synthesis & Applications

Saba Jamil1, Afaaf Rahat Alvi1, Shanza Rauf Khan1, Muhammad Ramzan Saeed Ashraf Janjua2,*()   

  1. 1. Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
    2. Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
  • Received: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Muhammad Ramzan Saeed Ashraf Janjua
  • About author:
    * E-mail:
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Layered double hydroxides, a class of anionic clays possessing sandwich like structure in which negative anions are sandwiched into positively charged metal layers in a repeating manner, have been studied extensively. Layered double hydroxides could be fabricated with combination of different divalent(Cd2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Pb2+) and trivalent(Al3+, Cr3+, Fe3+) metals and layered arrangement imparts unique properties such as adsorption properties and catalytic properties in these compounds. Exciting feature of these compounds is the memory effect. There are a number of methods to synthesize these layered compounds, such as co-precipitation, hydrothermal, sol-gel, urea hydrolysis, etc. The synthesized LDHs can be characterized morphologically and compositionally i.e. scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, powder X-Ray diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, XPS, etc. The wonderful feature of layered double hydroxides is the pliancy of interlayer space enabling them to accommodate various anionic species, and high surface area making them efficient in numerous applications such as adsorbents, anion exchange, catalysts, and biological compatible.

Key words: layered double hydroxides(LDHs), application
Mineral Structural Formula Intercalated ion Cell Parameters(?) Space Group
Fougerite Fe42+Fe23+(OH)12[CO3]·3H2O OH-, Cl-, CO32- are possible a=3.17~3.18
c=22.7~22.9		 R$\bar{3}$m
Meixnerite [Mg6Al2(OH)16][(OH-)2.4H2O] OH- a=3.046 c=22.93 R$\bar{3}$m
Zincowoodwardite Zn1-xAlx(OH)2[SO4]x/2·nH2O
x<0.5, n<3x/2		 SO42- a=3.063 c=8.91 and
a=3.065 c=25.45		 P$\bar{3}$m and R$\bar{3}$m
Hydrotalcite [Mg6Al2(OH)16][(CO32-)·4H2O] CO32- a=6.13 c=46.15 R$\bar{3}$m
Pyroaurite [Mg6Fe3+(OH)16][(CO32-)·4H2O] CO32- a=6.19 c=46.54 R$\bar{3}$m
M?ssbauerite Fe63+O4(OH)8[CO3]·3H2O CO32- a=3.07 c=22.25 R$\bar{3}$m
Charmarite Mn4Al2(OH)12[CO3]·3H2O CO32- a=10.98 c=15.10 P6322
Metals-anion Preparation methods Charac. techniques ref
Ca-Al-NO3 Co-precipitation PXRD, FTIR 96
Co-Fe-OH
Co-Fe-OH/CO32- (pyroaurite group)		 Topochemical synthesis
Co-precipitation method		 XRD, SEM, TEM, AFM
XRD, FTIR, Mossbauer spectroscopy, DTA		 97
98
Co-La-CH3COO- hydrogen peroxide catalyzed hydrolysis reaction FTIR, PXRD, TGA, PL spectroscopy 99
Cu-Al- CO32- Hydrothermal approach FTIR, PXRD, TGA 100
Zn-Cr-Cl-/CO32-/NO3- Co-precipitation UV-VIS analysis, PXRD, FTIR 101, 102
Zn-Ti-NO3
Zn-Al-CO3
Zn-Al-CO32-/NO3-		 Co-precipitation
Co-precipitation
Co-precipitation at low supersaturation		 TEM, SEM, PXRD, XPS
SEM, TGA, PXRD, TEM
SEM, XRD, EDX, IR, TG/DTG		 103
56
104
Ni-Fe-Cl Topochemical synthesis SEM, TEM, PXRD, XPS, FTIR 105
Mn-Al-CO32-/NO3-/SO42-/Cl- Co-precipitation PXRD, FTIR, DTA/TG, SEM 106
NiTi-CO32- Co-precipitation at high supersaturation PXRD, SEM, ICP-AES, FTIR 68
Mg-Al-CO32- Hydrothermal approach
Urea hydrolysis		 SEM, XRD, TGA, FTIR
XRD, FTIR, BET		 71, 72,
84, 83
Zn-Al LDH films Urea hydrolysis
Sol-gel route		 XRD, SEM, TEM
XRD, SEM		 81
89
Ni-Al/Mg-Al-CO32- Sol-Gel method XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM 90
Zn-Al LDH Sol-gel method XRD, TG-DSC 91
Mg-Al/Ga/In Sol-gel method FTIR, XRD, DRIFT 94
Ni-Co-Al/Mg-Ni-Al Sol-gel method XRD, TEM, TGA-DTA 95
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