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Progress in Chemistry 2019, Vol. 31 Issue (1): 180-190 DOI: 10.7536/PC180431 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Constituents of Atmospheric Semi-Volatile and Intermediate Volatility Organic Compounds and Their Contribution to Organic Aerosol

Rongzhi Tang1, Hui Wang1, Ying Liu1, Song Guo1,2,**()   

  1. 1. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
    2. Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Song Guo
  • About author:
    ** Corresponding author e-mail:
  • Supported by:
    The work was supported by the the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFC0202000); The work was supported by the the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC0213000); The National Natural Science Foundation of China(21677002)
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This review summarizes the recent advances of semi-volatile/intermediate volatility organic compounds studies, including the measurement techniques, S/IVOCs sources, atmospheric behavior and their contributions to organic aerosol formation. The rapid development of mass spectrometry facilitates the S/IVOCs measurements which include on-line and off-line mass spectrometry. The S/IVOCs off-line measurements provide more information about species at molecular level. However, the offline techniques bear the drawbacks of complex pretreatment and low time resolution, which leads to large uncertainties and the limitation to study the atmospheric chemistry processes. The on-line techniques measure the high time resolution molecular composition and gas-to-particle partitioning, and provide more useful information to elucidate the chemical mechanism of the ambient atmosphere. S/IVOCs could be directly emitted into the atmosphere, or formed by the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The major primary S/IVOCs sources are vehicular emission and biomass burning. Previous studies showed that ratios of S/IVOCs to POA are 2.9~8.5 for gasoline engines, 4.5~20.4 for diesel engines, and 0.83~5.57 for biomass burning. The S/IVOCs oxidation could contribute to 34%~76%, 90%, and 80% of the total SOA from the oxidation of gasoline vehicle exhaust, diesel vehicle exhaust, and biomass burning gases, respectively. Model simulation based on field observations showed that the SOA from the S/IVOCs oxidation could account for 40%~85% of the ambient SOA, suggesting that S/IVOCs are unneglectable SOA precursors. In future studies, new techniques are required to be developed to quantify more S/IVOCs species. Concentrations and speciation of S/IVOCs from different sources as well as ambient atmosphere need to be quantified. The combination of field campaign, lab study and model simulation can provide more insights of mechanism of S/IVOCs oxidation to improve our understanding of SOA formation.

Key words: semi-volatile/intermediate volatility organic compounds(S/IVOCs), measurement technique, primary emission, secondary organic aerosols, atmospheric behavior, gas-to-particle partitioning
Fig.1 Online measurement techniques of S/IVOCs, example based on results of BEACHON-RoMBAS campaign, showing carbon oxidation state (OSc) versus volatility (c* at 298 K, μg/m3), circle area is proportional to total carbon mass, coloured by analytical technique used[32]. Copyright ? 2017, Springer Nature
Table 1 Analytical Methods of S/IVOCs and Their Advantages and Disadvantages
Analytical
methods		 Representatives Provided information Advantages Disadvantages ref
Offline measurement GC-MS
LC-MS
GC×GC-MS		 Concentrations of organic compounds Accurate quantification
Accurate identification of molecular structure		 Complex pretreatment
Low time resolution		 33
On-line measurement TD-AMS

TD-EI-MS
TD-PTR-MS
MOVI/FIGAERO CIMS		 Total concentrations of OA, constituents and volatility
Total concentrations of S/IVOCs and volatility
Mass concentrations of organic compounds, gas to particle partitioning, volatility and molecular composition		 Low detection limit
Non pretreatment
High sensitivity
High time resolution		 Semi-quantitative
Complex calibration
Large quantity of data		 37,44
Table 2 Contributions of S/IVOCs to SOA
Pathway Type and area Factor Contribution ref
Typical Source Emission Gasoline engines Driving cycles
NMOG/NOx
Engine technology
Emission certification standard
Exhaust aftertreatment devices		 34%~76% 52~55
Probably up to 90%
Diesel engines
As high as 85%
Biomass burning Biomass type
Season		 64
Combining field
measurement with model		 Los Angeles, USA Urban site 70%~83% 11
Forest site, USA Urban site 74%~85% 32
Pasadena, USA Urban site 88% 61
Mexico Urban site 40%~65% 66
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