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Progress in Chemistry 2018, Vol. 30 Issue (12): 1975-1991 DOI: 10.7536/PC180421 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Investigation of the Mechanism of Cellular Uptake, Distribution and Toxicity of the DNA ‘Light-Switch’ Ru(Ⅱ) Polypyridyl Complexes

Benzhan Zhu1,2*, Xuan Xiao1,2, Xijuan Chao1,3, Miao Tang1,2, Rong Huang1,2, Jie Shao1,2   

  1. 1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;
    2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
    3. MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Supported by:
    The work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB01020300) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 21836005, 21577149, 21477139, 21621064, 21407163).
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Since the discovery of DNA as the genetic material carrier, the work towards the elucidation of DNA structure within the cell nucleus has become of great importance. Fluorescent microscopy using luminescent and cell membrane permeable organic DNA-binding molecule as probes is a well-established technique towards achieving this goal. Barton's group discovered that the cationic ruthenium complex[Ru(bpy)2(dppz)]2+ (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine, dppz=dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c] phenazine) functions as a molecular ‘light switch’ for DNA. Since then, there has been great attention drawn to the DNA binding properties of polypyridyl complexes of d6 octahedral metal ions, specifically towards the development of highly sensitive and structure-specific DNA probes.Until recently the research has been largely focused on the development of in vitro probes. However, few studies involving direct imaging of DNA in live cells with such systems have had very limited success, with poor membrane permeability still being ascribed as the major limiting factor. We found that not only the cellular, but more interestingly and importantly, the nuclear uptake of[Ru(bpy)2(dppz)]2+ is remarkably enhanced by pentachlorophenol and two other structurally unrelated biochemical agents. Furthermore, enantioselective imaging of live-cell nuclear DNA is observed between the two chiral forms of Ru(Ⅱ) complexes. The underlying molecular mechanism is found to be the formation of novel lipophilic and relatively stable ion-pair complexes. This represents the first report for an unprecedented new method for delivering the DNA ‘light-switching’ Ru(Ⅱ) complexes into the nucleus of living cells via ion-pairing, which could serve as a promising general live-cell delivering method for other potentially bio-medically but cell-impermeable metal complexes.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Predominant interactions between metal chelates and DNA
2.1 Irreversible binding with DNA
2.2 Reversible binding with DNA
3 Binding with intracellular DNA
3.1 Cellular uptake mechanism
3.2 Potential luminescent probe for intracellular DNA
3.3 Hydrophobicity and cellular uptake regulation
3.4 Appending targeting group for cellular uptake promotion
3.5 Active transport of chelates
3.6 Enhanced cellular uptake of “DNA light switch” Ru(Ⅱ) complex via forming lipophilic ion-pairing complexes
4 Methods for assessing cellular uptake
4.1 Transmission electron microscope
4.2 Raman spectra
4.3 Molecular labeling methods with fluorophore
4.4 Methods for quantitative uptake measurements
5 Cytotoxicity
6 The medical value for Ru(Ⅱ) polypyridyl complexes
Key words: Ru(Ⅱ) polypyridyl complexes, pentachlorophenol(PCP), nuclear uptake, ion-pairing, luminescent DNA probes

CLC Number: 

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