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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (7): 1492-1508 DOI: 10.753/PC220326 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Condensed Matter and Chemical Reactions in Hydrothermal Systems

Lusha Gao, Jingwen Li, Hui Zong, Qianyu Liu, Fansheng Hu, Jiesheng Chen()   

  1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Jiesheng Chen
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(21931005)
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Water is a clean, safe, environmentally benign chemical reaction medium. Understanding the properties of water and the chemical processes in hydrothermal systems is of vital significance in the research of condensed matter chemistry. The physicochemical features of water under hydrothermal conditions greatly differ from that under normal conditions, and thus the hydrothermal technique has been extended to much broader systems. In this review article, we introduce the structures of water and its clusters, the variation of their properties along with conditions, and relevant condensed matters in hydrothermal systems. We also illustrate hydrothermal chemistry by discussing the preparation of typical materials through hydrothermal methods, hydrothermal organic reactions, and bio-hydrothermal chemistry. By relating condensed matter and hydrothermal chemistry, we hope this review will offer new ideas for comprehending hydrothermal reaction systems from the angle of condensed matter chemistry.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Structure characters of water molecule and clusters

2.1 Structure of water molecule

2.2 Structures of water clusters

2.3 Water cages with guest molecules

3 State of water in hydrothermal and supercritical systems

3.1 Phase diagram of water

3.2 Characters of water under supercritical conditions

4 Condensed matters in hydrothermal systems

4.1 Solvation effect

4.2 Crystallization of zeolites

4.3 Hydrothermal molten salt systems

5 Synthesis of inorganic materials by hydrothermal methods

5.1 Hydrothermal synthetic mechanism of inorganic crystals

5.2 Bulk single crystals

5.3 Inorganic micro-nano materials

6 Synthesis of porous materials by hydrothermal methods

6.1 Microporous materials

6.2 Mesoporous materials

6.3 Metal organic frameworks (MOFs)

7 Synthesis of organic molecules in hydrothermal systems

7.1 Biomass transformations

7.2 Organic reactions in hydrothermal systems

7.3 C1 transformations

7.4 Organic ligands transformations

8 Synthesis of biomolecules in hydrothermal systems

9 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: water and clusters, supercritical water, condensed matter, hydrothermal reaction, hydrothermal organic chemistry, bio-hydrothermal chemistry
Fig. 1 The structure of water molecule
Fig. 2 The configurations of H2O clusters ((H2O)N) with the lowest energy calculated by TIP4P potential[4]. Copyright 1998, Elsevier
Fig. 3 Three structures of common hydrate cages and the guest molecules
Fig. 4 The phase diagram of water when temperature and pressure vary[13]. Copyright 2010, Society of Chemical Industry
Fig. 5 Plot of ion product variation of water with density, temperature portrayed by Franck et al.[29] according to the data from Marshall et al.[34]. Copyright 1981, American Institute of Physics for the National Institute of Standards and Technology
Fig. 6 Schematic illustration of solvation effect between NaCl and H2O
Fig. 7 The schematic illustration of hydrothermal molten salt systems[36]. Copyright 2020, American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fig. 8 Apparatus for crystal synthesis by temperature gradient-thermoseed hydrothermal method
Fig. 9 Bulk single crystals synthesized by hydrothermal method. (a) Quartz crystal[44]; (b) 2-inch zinc oxide single crystal[52]; Copyright 2005, IOP (c) YAG crystals, Nd:YAG (left) and Cr:YAG (right)[57]; Copyright 2012 Taylor & Francis (d) Single crystal of emerald[61];Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (e) KTiOPO4 (KTP) crystal[66]; Copyright 2008, Elsevier (f) Optical crystals of KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF) and RbBe2BO3F2 (RBBF)[57]. Copyright 2012, Taylor & Francis
Fig. 10 Structure of aluminophosphate molecular sieve JDF-20[82]. Copyright 1992, Royal Society Chemistry
Fig. 11 Schematic illustration of formation processes of the uniform ordered mesoporous carbon nanospheres prepared by Fang et al.[89]. Copyright 2010, Wiley
Fig. 12 Schematic illustration of synthetic steps of MIL-100(Fe) and its DTX loading experiments by Rezaei et al.[108]. Copyright 2017, Taylor & Francis Group
Fig. 13 Mechanism of D-xylose reaction in sub- and supercritical water[114]. Copyright 2010, Elsevier
Fig. 14 Catalytic mechanism of methyl tert-butyl ether acid in sub- and supercritical water[119]
Fig. 15 F-T reaction pathway under hydrothermal condition[124]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier
Fig. 16 In situ decarboxylation of H2pydc ligand to 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid ligand[131]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier
Fig. 17 Schematic illustration of a flow reactor equipment by simulating the submarine hydrothermal system[141]
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