Molecular Gyroscopes that can perform a rotor function are experiencing increasing attention, particularly in the field of mechanical molecular devices. Scientists design and synthesize several types of molecular gyroscopes which consist of a rotator with a spinning axis and a stator framework, where a rotator is encased and protected by a stator with a frictionless environment recently. It is anticipated that rotators with electric dipole moments can rotate unidirectionally under the influence of electric, magnetic, and optical stimuli. A brief history of molecular turestiles, molecular gyroscopes, supramolecular gyroscopes, and their applications is followed by a summary of properties which can characterized by X-ray diffraction, variable-temperature NMR, theoretical and computational chemistry, and thermal analyses and so on.

Contents
1 Molecular gyroscopes in 20th century
2 Molecular gyroscopes in 21th century
2.1 Garcia-Garibay’s gyroscopes work
2.2 Gladysz’s gyroscopes work
2.3 Another gyroscopes work
2.4 Supramolecular Gyroscopes
3 Conclusions and Outlook

Recently, the well aligned TiO2 nanotube arrays prepared by electrochemical anodization have demonstrated their prospect applications in many fields. As a new structured and functional nanomaterial, they have attracted more and more attentions. Here, we reviewed the fabrication, properties, and applications of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays made by anodic oxidation of titanium. Especially, we discussed in detail the synthesis of TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) with tunable morphologies by adjusting the reaction conditions during anodization to balance electrochemical reaction and chemical etching. Finally, some perspectives on the future development were tentatively discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Fabricating of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays by Anodization
2.1 The Effect of Electrolyte
2.2 The Effect of Anodic Materials
2.3 The Effect of Anodization Conditions
2.4 Preparation with Controllable Manner
2.5 Crystallization
3 Applications of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays
3.1 Organic-inorganic Solar Cells
3.2 Catalysis and Hydrogen Production from Water
3.3 Sensors
3.4 Biomaterials
3.5 Electrochemical Deposition
3.6 Others
4 Conclusions

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, or EIS, is one of the most powerful tools to analyze electrochemical processes occurring at electrode/electrolyte interfaces, and has been widely applied to the analysis of the insertion/desertion process of lithium ion in the intercalation electrode for lithium ion battery. In this paper, the ascription of each time constant of the EIS spectra is discussed, based on the analysis of the common EIS features of intercalation electrode. The kinetic parameters in the lithium ion insertion/desertion，dependent on temperature and electrode polarization, such as the charge transfer resistance, the electronic resistance of activated material, the resistance of SEI film that lithium ion transferring through, are also discussed based on the theoretical analysis.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The common EIS features of intercalation electrode
3 The analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
3.1 The analysis of high-frequency arc
3.2 The analysis of medium to high-frequency arc
3.3 The analysis of medium -frequency arc
3.4 The analysis of low-frequency straight line
3.5 The analysis of the lowest-frequency domain
4 Conclusion

Nanomaterials have attracted great interest in recent years because of the unusual mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic and surface properties. Recent investigations have also shown that nanoscale materials can offer advantages of certain physical and chemical effects. There is no doubt that the employments of materials are closely related to their thermodynamic properties which are considered to be the fundamental factor for the studies of materials. However, the thermodynamic properties of nanomaterials are usually different form their partner bulk. Thus, it is very important to study the thermodynamics of nanomaterials. This present review focuses the status of research on the thermodynamics of nanomaterials including heat capacity, lattice parameters, binding energy, cohesive energy, melting enthalpy and other thermodynamic functions. In addition, the development trend in this field is prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Thermodynamic functions of nanomaterials
2.1 Heat capacity
2.2 Other thermodynamic functions
3 Lattice parameters, binding energy, cohesive energy of nanoparticles
4 Interfacial thermodynamics and thermal stability of nanocrystalline
5 Melting thermodynamics of nanoparticles
6 Phase diagram of nanoparticles (or phase transition)
7 Reaction thermodynamics of nanoparticles
7.1 Chemical reactions
7.2 Electrochemical reactions
7.3 Solution heat
7.4 Growth thermodynamics
8 Adsorption thermodynamics of nanoparticles
9 Perspectives

Quantum dots (QDs), as a novel outstanding fluorescent nano-materials, have been widely used in biological analysis and biomedical diagnosis, and have achieved a series of important research progress in the past ten years. In this paper, we review current approaches to the synthesis and functionalization of QDs, and their applications in pathogen detection, bio-chip, bio-molecular interactions, biosensor, cell imaging, gene silence, targeted drug delivery, photodynamic therapy and botanical research. Meanwhile, the prospects and research directions of QDs are given based on the analysis of this research field.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Quantum Dots
2.1 The Properties of Quantum Dots
2.2 Synthesis of Quantum Dots
2.3 Functional of Modification
3 The Bio-analysis and Medical Diagnostic Applications of Quantum Dots
3.1 Pathogen Detection 3.2 Bio-chip
3.3 Biosensor
3.4 Research of Bio-molecular Interaction and Molecular Conformation
3.5 The Application of Optical Beads
3.6 Cell Imaging
3.7 Gene Silence
3.8 Targeted Drug Delivery
3.9 Photodynamic Therapy
3.10 In Vivo Imaging
3.11 Botanical Research
4 Biological Toxicity
5 Conclusions and Outlook

Quantum dots (QDs) attract extensive research interest as optical labels for sensing events owing to their outstanding photophysical features. Molecular and ion recognition has been combined very recently with the unique optical properties of QDs to begin building a new generation of QD-based sensors, that is, functional modification of QDs. Surface functional modification for QDs will improve their water solubility and recognizing selectivity. This review, which follows the classification of linked atom between QDs and functional ligands such as QDs linked with sulfur atom (including modification QDs with simple mercapto compound, modification QDs using simple mercapto compound as precursor, modification QDs with other mercapto compound and modification QDs using carbon disulfide as linker), QDs linked with oxygen atom and QDs linked with nitrogen atom, summarizes the research for recognizing of inorganic ion and small molecule based on above functional modification QDs from 2005 to update.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Functional modification QDs linked with sulfur atom
2.1 Modification QDs with simple mercapto compound
2.2 Modification QDs using simple mercapto compound as precursor
2.3 Modification QDs with other mercapto compound
2.4 Modification QDs using carbon disulfide as linker
3 Functional modification QDs linked with oxygen atom
4 Functional modification QDs linked with nitrogen atom
5 QDs modified by other manners
6 Conclusion

Proteinaceous microspheres filled with water-insoluble liquids can be obtained by using high-intensity ultrasound to irradiate the interface of two phases: oil/ aqueous protein solution. The review starts with a short introduction to sonochemistry, and then the fabrication and synthesis mechanism of proteinaceous microspheres are described in detail. During the formation of proteinaceous microspheres, the shell of protein can be cross-linked or not. For those non cross-linked protein, modifications such as electrostatic layer by layer assembly could be used to make microspheres stabilized and functionalized. Experimental conditions such as sonication time, power amplitudes and the position of sonicator probe placed at the oil-water interface as well as the ratios of oil-water on the yields, size and size distribution of proteinaceous microspheres are described in detail. Biological activity of proteinaceous microspheres is also discussed in this review. Most results indicated that proteinaceous microspheres could still maintain their biologically active. Finally the potential applications of the proteinaceous microspheres are outlined, which vary from as drug carriers, magnetic contrast agents to fluorescence labeling carriers etc. Such sonochemical method provides us a new, novel idea to preparation of polymer microspheres and will have prospective applications in biological filed etc.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Background of sonochemistry
3 Fabrication of proteinaceous microspheres by sonochemical method
3.1 Mechanism of microsphere formation
3.2 Experimental conditions on the properties of proteinaceous microspheres
3.3 Biologically active of proteinaceous microspheres
4 Application of proteinaceous microspheres
4.1 Encapsulating drug in proteinaceous microspheres
4.2 Other applications of proteinaceous microspheres

Supramolecular gels have evolved into a class of smart/functional nanomaterials with extensive application potentials recently. Most supramolecular gels studied today employ hydrogen bonding or molecular stacking as the driving force for gelation. Despite the major role that metal coordination plays in supramolecular chemistry, the use of metal-ligand interactions in the area of supramolecular gels has been somewhat neglected until very recently. Supramolecular gels including metal ions can capitalize on the unique richness of the attributes of metal ions such as photo-electronic, catalytic, redox, which stimulates research in this area. In this review, the basic concepts of metallogels are first given, and then detailed examples are presented to relate the molecular structures especially the complexing groups, metal ions used to the properties and functions of the gels, which are divided into two categories: gelator based metallogels and coordination polymer gels. Moreover, abnormal gelation behaviors in metallogels will be briefed.

Contents
1 Definition of supramolecular metallogel
2 Classification of supramolecular metallogels
2.1 Metallogels based on gelators
2.2 Metallogels based on coordination polymers
3 Abnormal gelation behaviors of metallogels
4 Conclusions

Being the most abundant and cheap C-1 carbon resource, the CO2 fixation and utilization were one of the most important researching subjects in CO2 Chemistry. Many products such as methane, methanol, dimethyl ether, formaldehyde, formic acid, low hydrocarbon, glycol etc. can be synthesized via CO2 hydrogenation. Effective conversion this abundant resource of carbon dioxide into useful chemical resources bears an extreme significance to the exploit of chemical materials and environmental protection.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 CO2 fixation separation technologies
2.1 Physical separation technologies
2.2 Chemical fixation technologies
2.3 Biological fixation technologies
3 CO2 utilization technique
3.1 Status of CO2 utilization technique
3.2 CO2 chemical utilization technique
4 Key problems and expectation

Magnetic core-shell mesoporous silica microspheres as a new functional composite materials, has become one of the many areas of research focus. The authors reviewed the recent research of synthesis of mesoporous core-shell magnetic silica microspheres by template. More importantly, the sol - gel process and microemulsion method on solid microspheres and hollow microspheres preparation are mainly discussed. The biomedicine applications of the magnetic mesoporous silica microspheres, such as protein or DNA separation, targeted drug delivery are described. Furthermore, in catalysis field, such as magnetic acid catalysis, hydrogenation catalysis, nano noble-metal catalysis, as well as prospects of its development trend are illustrated.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Researches of Solid Magnetic Mesoporous Silica Microspheres
2.1 TEOS (Tetraethylorthosilicate) Hydrolysis Method
2.2 Stober method
2.3 Microemulsion Method
3 Researches of Hollow Magnetic Mesoporous Silica Microspheres
3.1TEOS (Tetraethylorthosilicate) Hydrolysis Method
3.2 Stober Method
4 Biomedicine Applications
4.1 Dispersion, Stabilisy of Magnetic Nano-particles
4.2 Size Effect of Magnetic Nano-particle
4.3 Magnetic Nano-particles on Cell Toxicity and its Degradation
4.4 Separation of Protein and DNA
4.5 The Application in the Targeted Drug Delivery Carrier
5 Magnetic Catalysis
5.1 Magnetic Acid Catalysis
5.2 Hydrogenation Catalysis
5.3 Nano Noble-metal Catalysis
5.4 Photochemical Catalysis
6 Conclusions and Outlook

Azobenzene photoresponsive materials have extensive prospects in applications of optical information storage, optical devices and so on. The technique of ionic self-assembly (ISA) is a new method developed recently to create supramolecular materials. The preparation methods of azobenzene photoresponsive materials and the theory of ISA technique are briefly introduced. The latest developments of azobenzene photoresponsive materials prepared by ISA technique are summarized into four kinds, including the ionic self-assembly of low molecular dye with surfactant, polyelectrolytes with azobenzene, highly branched macromolecules with azobenzene, and cyclodextrins with polyelectrolytes containing azobenzene. In addition, the progress tendencies of this technique are also introduced and prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The preparation methods of azobenzene photoresponsive materials and ultrathin films
2.1 Guest-Host
2.2 Covalent synthesis
2.3 Langmuir-Blodgett and monolayer films
2.4 Electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly
2.5 Non-covalent self-assembly
3 Ionic self-assembly
4 Application of ionic self-assembly in preparation of azobenzene photoresponsive materials
4.1 Ionic self-assembly of dye-surfactant complexes to prepare low molecular photoresponsive materials
4.2 Ionic self-assembly of polyelectrolytes-azobenzene to prepare supramolecular photoresponsive materials
4.3 Ionic self-assembly of highly-branched macromolecules with azobenzene
4.4 Ionic self-assembly of cyclodextrins with azobenzene polyelectrolytes to prepare orderly ultrathin films
5 Conclusions

Fluorinated (meth)acrylate polymers are a class of novel low surface energy materials, in which the fluorinated chains confer them hydrophobic and oleophobic properties, and the non-fluorinated chains render them fine solubility and compatibility. The surface wettability can be changed by designing and controlling the structures of fluorinated (meth)acrylate polymers. In this article, we review the influence factors of surface wettability for fluorinated (meth)acrylate homopolymers, random copolymers, block copolymers, graft copolymers, core-shell copolymers, cross-linked network copolymers etc.. The relationships between the structures and surface wettability including wetting stability of the polymers are discussed by means of analysis of the crystallinity, surface element content, surface energy and contact angle of the polymers, and the related models are also given, which providing theoretical basis and guidance for design and synthesis of stable surface wettability of fluorinated (meth)acrylate polymers.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Contact angle hysteresis and wetting stability
3 The influence of fluorinated (meth)acrylate polymers structures on surface wettability and wetting stability
3.1 Homopolymers
3.2 Copolymers
4 Conclusions and Outlook

More and more interests have been received on side-chain liquid crystalline polyacetylenes for their potential applications in the electronic conducting properties and the liquid crystalline properties. In this paper, we discuss the stereostructural configuration and conformers of the main chain, columnar phase, smectic phase, lyotropic phase and self-assembly in selective solvent and phase behavior in external field of monosubstituted side-chain liquid crystalline polyacetylenes, try to introduce the influence of stereostructural configuration and conformer of the main chain, the length of the spacer, the structure of the mesogens and the length of the tail on the phase structures.

Contents
1Introduction
2 Configuration and conformation of the main chain
3 Columnar phase
4 Smectic phase
5 Lyotropic phase and self-assembly in selective solvent
6 Phase behavior under external field
7 Concluding remarks

Periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) are prepared using bridged silsesquioxane as the precursor and surfactant as the structure-directing species via sol-gel route. They are novel functional materials with many excellent and special properties, such as high surface area, ordered pore channel, sharp pore size distributions and so on. In this paper, the main advances in the research of PMOs in recent years are reviewed. The structural characteristics are particularly introduced. Then according to the different organic bridging groups incorporated into the structure, the PMOs are classified into three classes. The synthesis of PMOs with different template is introduced and the exterior factor which influenced the property are discussed. At last, the difficulties of research on PMOs are mentioned, and the development prospect is looked forward.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Features of the structure for PMOs
3 The classification of PMOs
3.1 Alkyl-PMOs
3.2 Aryl-PMOs
3.3 Heterocycle-PMOs
4 The preparation of PMOs
4.1 Using ionic surfactant
4.2 Using non- ionic surfactant
5 Factors influencing on the properties of PMOs
5.1 The influence of inorganic salt
5.2 The influence of organic compound
5.3 The influence of PH value and temperature
6 Application of PMOs
6.1 Thin film and low-dielectric constant PMOs
6.2 Adsorptive material
6.3 Catalyst
6.4 Other new application
7 Conclusion

Amylose can form single helix in solutions, which may act as a host molecule to complex various hydrophobic guest molecules by hydrophobic interactions. In this article, the research progress in the inclusion complexation of amylose was reviewed. The category and preparation of amylose inclusion complex were introduced in detail. In addition, the applications of the inclusion complexation of amylose were summarized, which involved flour food as well as the preparation of new materials.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Category and preparation of amylose inclusion complexes
2.1 Inorganic materials as gust molecules
2.2 Organic compounds as gust molecules 2.3 Polymers as gust molecules
2.4 SWNTs as gust molecules
2.5 Soluble amylose inclusion complex
3 Applications of amylose inclusion complexation in flour food
4 Applications of amylose inclusion complexation in the preparation of new materials
4.1 Biomaterials
4.2 Optical materials
4.3 Physically cross-linked gels
4.4 Self-assembly films
5 Conclusions and outlook

The advantages in the living anionic polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane(D3) in terms of polymerization mechanism and dynamics were summarized. Frye suggested that three kinds of initiation compounds were formed in hydrocarbon solvents and no polymerization proceeded without promotor. The mechanism proposed by Frye was accepted by follower and validated by some researches based on MALDI-TOF technology. During the polymerization, promotors, solvents, initiators and process could change the equilibrium between the association and disassociation of living chains, which could effect the “back-biting” and redistribution side reaction in anionic ring opening polymerization of D3. First-order kinetics was obtained in monomer concentration. Promotors and initiators changed the association ability of living chain end, also the polymerization dynamics.

Contents
1 Anionic ring opening polymerization mechanism of D3
1.1 Anionic ring opening polymerization mechanism of D3 without promotor
1.2 Anionic ring opening polymerization mechanism of D3 with promotor
1.3 Anionic ring opening polymerization mechanism of D3 in different solvents
1.4 The effect of process on anionic ring opening polymerization mechanism of D3
1.5 The effect of initiator type on anionic ring opening polymerization mechanism of D3
2 Anionic ring opening polymerization kinetics of D3
2.1 The effect of impurity on anionic ring opening polymerization kinetics of D3
2.2 The effect of promotors on anionic ring opening polymerization kinetics of D3
3 Conclusions

Synchrotron radiation is an advanced collimated light source with high intensity. It has particular advantages in structure characterization of material at atom or molecular scale. In this paper we introduce the application of synchrotron radiation in supramolecule self-assembly, including X-ray absorption fine spectrum, X-ray scattering, in situ infrared spectrum, time-resolved X-ray diffraction and time-resolved small angle X-ray scattering. The application of synchrotron radiation X-ray scatter in the characterization of lamellar structure, tubular structure and solution-phase structure is detailed discussed. Future trends and suggestions in the application of synchrotron radiation in supramolecule self-assembly are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Application of synchrotron radiation X-ray scattering
2.1 Lamellar structure
2.2 Tubular structure
2.3 Solution-phase structure
2.4 Other supramolecule structure
3 Application of Time-resolved SR-SAXS
4 Application of Time-resolved SR-XRD
5 Application of X-ray absorption fine spec- trum
6 Application of Synchrotron radiation infra- red spectrum
7 Perspective

Interfacial adsorption process is the initial step or key step for most of environmental micro-interface reactions. The online study of environmental micro-interfacial adsorption by in situ research methods provides direct information about interface reactions and reliable evidence for the detection of reaction mechanisms which are of great importance to understand the rule of transformation and distribution of pollutants in the environment. Because of its unique sampling principle, convenient sample pre-treatment and wide applicability, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) is becoming a powerful tool for investigating the interface reactions. Based on a brief introduction of the working principle of ATR-FTIR, the application of this technique in the investigation of adsorption on environmental interfaces, especially mineral-water interfaces, was summarized. Furthermore, the perspective of this method was discussed as well.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 ATR-FTIR spectroscopy
2.1 The principle of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy
2.2 Sampling methods and ATR accessory
3 Application of ATR-FTIR in the study of adsorption on the environmental micro-interfaces
3.1 Adsorption of inorganic anions
3.2 Adsorption of carboxylates
3.3 Adsorption of organic pollutants
3.4 Catalytic reaction on solid-liquid interfaces
4 Conclusion

Hydrogels offer attractive properties, such as unique softness, biocompatibility and biomimetic performance. Electrodes modified with hydrogels would decrease peak-to-peak noise signals and overcome the limitation of present biosensors in biocompatibility and tissue-to-electrode interaction. In this paper, recent advances on hydrogel-modified electrodes are reviewed. Current preparation methods of hydrogel-modified electrodes are summarized, i.e. dip-coating, covalent binding, electrochemistry and layer-by-layer self-assembly. Furthermore, an overview is given for the application of hydrogels in neural electrodes, enzyme-modified electrodes, redox protein-modified electrodes, pH sensors and other sensors. Finally, the challenges and promising developments of hydrogel-modified electrodes are prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation methods of hydrogel-modified electrodes
2.1 Dip-coating
2.2 Covalent binding
2.3 Electrochemistry
2.4 Layer-by-layer self-assembly
3 Application of hydrogel-modified electrodes
3.1 Neural electrodes
3.2 Enzyme-modified electrodes
3.3 Redox protein-modified electrodes
3.4 pH sensors
3.5 Other sensors
4 Conclusions and prospects

Metal ions play crucial roles in mediating the structure and function of metalloproteins in biological systems. This review summarized the progress of using rational design of artificial metal-binding sites to expand the functional diversity of proteins, which includes designing artificial metal-binding sites within protein scaffolds by exploring potential metal-binding sites, redesigning existing metal-binding sites, or designing new metal-binding sites, and on the protein surfaces to achieve structural and functional conversions, study interactions with nanomaterials, or perform proteins self-assembly. These progresses greatly enriched our knowledge of the structure-function relationships of metalloproteins, and also endowed us the ability of controlling and utilizing a protein of interest.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Design of Metal-binding Sites within Protein Scaffolds
2.1 Exploring Potential Metal-binding Sites
2.2 Redesigning Existing Metal-binding Sites
2.3 Designing New Metal-binding Sites
3 Design of Metal-binding Sites on Protein Surfaces
3.1 Structural and Functional Conversions
3.2 Interactions with Nanomaterials
3.3 Proteins Self-assembly
4 Conclusions and Outlook

Water is an environmentally friendly reaction medium, and the reactions in supercritical (sub-critical) water become a hot subject of current research. In-situ reaction technique, especially diamond anvil cell (DAC) and capillary which are used combining with such instruments as laser Raman, infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrograph, is one of the important methods to deeply study reaction mechanism in supercritical (sub-critical) water. In this paper, in-situ reaction techniques for looking into the reaction course in supercritical (sub-critical) water are reviewed. The structure and working principle of the diamond anvil cell , and the scope of application of DAC and capillary, as well as applications of DAC and capillary to the reaction mechanism research are introduced. At last, the prospect of in-situ reactions technique used in supercritical (sub-critical) water is discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Diamond Anvil Cell (DAC) and capillary
2.1 Diamond Anvil Cell
2.2 Capillary
2.3 Scope of Application of DAC and Capillary
3 Application of DAC and Capillary in the Research of In-situ Reaction
3.1 Applications of DAC in the Research of In-situ Reaction
3.2 Applications of Capillary in the Research of In-situ Reaction
4 Outlook

Recently, bio-fuels receive extensive attention as a renewable and environmental friendly alternative energy source due to the global issues of both greenhouse effects and conventional fossil fuels shortage. Microalgae, with the merits of environmental adaptability, high photosynthetic efficiency, neutral net carbon value and high lipid content, has become one of the most important raw materials for bio-fuels production, especially for the biodiesel production. In this paper, the advances of technology in microalgal culture with high lipid content are reviewed worldwide. The selection of high-lipid microalgae species, high-density culture of high-lipid microalgae and approaches to increase both the microalgal lipid content and the lipid production rate are discussed. The feasibility of microalgal lipid metabolism regulated by genetic engineering technology is then elaborated. The intensified microalgal culture modes using the membrane bioreactor integrated with CO2 exhaust gas as the carbon source are finally introduced. The integrated technology will further reduce the cost for microalgal lipid production and whilst making this process to be economical for the production of biodiesel.

Contents
1 Screening and Culture of High-lipid Microalgae
1.1 Screening of High-lipid Microalgae Species
1.2 High-density Culture of High-lipid Microalgae
2 Mechanism of Carbon Sequestration and Lipid Production by Microalgae
2.1 Carbon Sequestration by Microalgae and Its Connection with Lipid Metabolism
2.2 Mechanism of Microalgal Lipid Biosynthesis
3 Transfromation of Microalgae by Genetic Engineering Methodsv
3.1 Acetyl-coenzyme A Carboxylase (ACCase)
3.2 Diacylglycerol Acyl-transferase (DGAT) 3.3 Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (PEPC)
3.4 Problems Remained in Microalgae Transfromation by Genetic Engineering Methods
4 Culture Technology for Microalgal Lipid Content and Productivity Enhancement
5 Intensified Microalgal Culture by Membrane Bioreactor
6 Outlook