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Progress in Chemistry 2007, No.011 Previous issue Next issue

In this issue:

Invited Article
Recent Advances in State-state Chemical Reaction Dynamics
Dai Dongxu, Yang Xueming**
2007, 19 (11): 1633-1645 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
Chemical reaction dynamics is one of the fundamental research fields in chemistry. Quantum state resolved reaction dynamics has provided remarkable insights into the microscopic world of chemical reactions. By improving the experimental and theoretical methods, researchers have made great advances in state-to-state chemical dynamics in recent years. Strong interactions between theory and experiment have significantly enhanced our understandings of the chemical reactivity at the most fundamental level. This article reviews the progress made in the studies of some benchmark reaction systems over last ten years or so from an experimental point of view. We hope this review can provide a overview of the modern trends of chemical reaction dynamics at the state-to-state level.
Review
Reverse Monte Carlo Method for Amorphous Carbon Modeling*
Zhu Yudan, Lu Linghong, Lu Xiaohua**
2007, 19 (11): 1646-1652 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
As a promising modeling method, the Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) method has been widely used in amorphous carbon study. In this paper, the significance of the RMC method in acquiring the detailed information about amorphous carbon structure is illuminated and the mechanism of the RMC method is also briefly introduced. Furthermore, there are two key points when applying the RMC method to modeling amorphous carbon. One is how to ensure accuracy and reality of the model developed by the RMC method,the other is how to model the large scale pore network structure of disordered porous carbon. Based on the two key points, this paper reviews the improvements and the tendency of this method in carbon study. Diverse geometry constraints and energy constraints for different type of carbon are introduced into the RMC method,which can effectively improve the accuracy and reality of the model structure. Modeling of disordered porous carbon with mesopores has the tendency to be the hot point in the future research of structure reconstruction
Organic Nanoscale Functional Materials Formed by Self-Assembly

Zhuang Xiaodong, Chen Yu**, Liu Ying, Cai Liangzhen**, Lin Ying

2007, 19 (11): 1653-1661 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
The self-assembly of organic nano-objects into functional materials, an important technology enabling the fabrication of great quantities of small complex objects, has become a very promising research area because of its significant potential applications in novel optoelectronic devices, nonlinear optical devices, biological systems, and photonic crystal devices. In this review, zero-, one-, two- and three-dimensional nanostructures, self-assembly methodologies and present and future applications of these organic nanoscale materials with noncovalent architectures have been briefly introduced.
Progress in Catalyst for Ammonia Synthesis
Lin Bingyu, Wang Rong**,Lin Jianxin, Du Shuwei, Wei Kemei
2007, 19 (11): 1662-1670 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
Recently, the catalysts for ammonia synthesis with higher stability, higher activity and lower cost have received considerable attention. This paper described about the new finding of the oxides-supported ruthenium catalysts for ammonia synthesis in the fields such as support preparation, catalysts reduction and the role of promoters. Advances in alloy catalysts for ammonia synthesis such as fuse iron-cobalt alloy, bimetallic nitride, supported bimetallic also were reviewed by combining the results of theory and experimental. The problems in the research of the oxides-supported ruthenium catalysts and alloy catalysts and the directions of the future were also proposed.
Dendrimeric Electroluminescent Materials
Meng Xianle, Zhu Weihong**,Tian He**
2007, 19 (11): 1671-1680 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
Well-defined dendrimers with highly branched and regularly repeating molecular architectures have generated great interesting. They possess considerable advantages over the well-developed conjugated polymers and small molecular light-emitting materials, whose luminescence can be finely tuned by changing the core with a wide range of luminescent chromophores. Furthermore, various functional surface groups and different generations can be selected to generate the interesting properties such as carrier-transporting, site isolation, solubility and antenna effects. Along with the luminescent molecular and polymeric materials, light-emitting dendrimers are becoming the third class of emissive materials for use in OLEDs. This paper reviewed the recent developments in dendrimeric electroluminescent materials. And particular attention was shed on the design of dendrimers and relative properties. The further developing tendency of dendrimers in electroluminescence field is also prospected.
Top-Emitting Organic/Polymer Light-Emitting Devices
Hou Lintao1,2** Huang Fei2 Cao Yong2 Liu Pengyi1
2007, 19 (11): 1681-1688 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
The rapid development of top-emitting organic/polymer light-emitting devices in the past decades has exhibited a promising prospect in commercial application. Top-emitting devices have several technical merits for application in active-matrix flat-panel display, compared with traditional bottom-emitting devices. The realization of the high-performance top-emitting devices relies on two major prerequisites: the exploitation of novel electron injection materials or novel hole injection materials, and the optimization of the device structure. Beginning with the improvement of the electrode modification, which has been proved to be an effective way to enhance their performances, recent progress in top-emitting devices is reviewed. Potential applications and scientific problems in this field are also discussed.
Principle and Progress of Polymer Solar Cells
Yuhuangzhong1,2,PengJunbia1**
2007, 19 (11): 1689-1694 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
Hybrid polymer photovoltaic cells are new type heterojunction photovoltaic cell blended electron donor material and electron acceptor material, this kind of new solar cell enlarge the surface of heterojunction, reduce to the compound of photoproduction exciton, and network structure advantage charge transport, again plus owing to its low-cost, simple craftwork, large-area, et al merits, it has become domestic and international research hotspot in recent years. The progress of polymer photovoltaic cells is introduced, the basic principle of polymer photovoltaic cells is also discussed, and the open circuit voltage, the short circuit current, the fill factor, the energy conversion efficiency of solar cell are interpreted. the influence of the creation craft, material, electrode etc is analyzed, Finally the article also explains the research situation and facing questions of polymer solar cells.
Lyotropic Liquid Crystals and Their Applications in Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials
Guo Ruijie, Zhang Baoquan**, Sun Yuan, Liu Xiufeng
2007, 19 (11): 1695-1702 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
Well-defined periodic nanostructured materials are promising candidates with potential applications in separation, catalysis and sensors etc. In recent years, a series of advancements have been achieved in the synthesis of nanostructured particles and thin films using lyotropic liquid crystalline templating strategies. These advancements include synthesis of novel nanostructured metals and semiconductors, development of new lyotropic liquid crystalline phases formed from transition metal aqua complexes and surfactants, fabrication of new hierarchical porous materials with bi- or tri-modal pore structure by combining lyotropic liquid crystal and other templates, recognition of major factors influencing the ordering and stability of lyotropic liquid crystalline templates and the as-resulted nanomaterials, in-depth understanding of formation mechanism of the nanostructure etc. Recent significant progress in the above respects is summarized and reviewed, and some challenges in the future are also addressed. The provided information in the lyotropic liquid crystalline templating synthesis and applications of nanosturctured materials should be helpful for relevant researches in chemistry, chemical engineering and materials science.
Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Ferrimagnetic/Ferromagnetic NanoMaterials
Zhao Tao1,2 Sun Rong2 Leng Jing2,3 Du Ruxu2,3 Zhang Zhijun1**
2007, 19 (11): 1703-1709 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
Ferrimagnetic/ferromagnetic nanomaterials are widely used in biology, medicine, Electronic devices and military industry Etc,because of their unusual magnetic properties.This paper reviews the synthesis of ferrimagnetic/ferromagnetic nano-materials, such as Fe, Co, Ni, alloys and ferrites, by using the liquid-phase methods such as precipitation、hydrothermal/solvothermal processing、micelle routes、polyol processing、thermolysis、sol-gel methods and sonochemical. The reaction mechanisms and the status quo of the liquid-phase methods as well as the preparation processes of related nano-materials using these methods are given. The future of the liquid-phase methods to realize industrialization of nanomaterilas is analyzed as well.
Preparation and Mechanism of CeO2 Interlayer in Stabilized ZrO2-Based SOFC
Zhu Xiaodong, Sun Kening**,Zhou Derui
2007, 19 (11): 1710-1717 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
Sm, Gd and Y-doped CeO2 interlayers have shown great promise for resolving the chemical incompatibility and physical mismatch between the electrode and the electrolyte. In this paper, CeO2 powders synthesized by different methods and their corresponding performance were reported. Moreover, the preparing methods of CeO2 interlayer film and their properties were reviewed. These methods include physical ones like reactively direct current magnetron sputtering, chemical ones such as flame assisted vapor deposition and Sol-gel deposition, and ceramic processes containing electrophoretic deposition, Screen printing and dipping deposition. The improvements in the cell performance by introduction of these CeO2 interlayers and the related mechanism were discussed in detail, respectively. The sameness and differentness as well as advantage and disadvantage of these preparing methods of CeO2 interlayer film were elucidated synthetically. Also indicated in this paper was the significance of the study on CeO2 interlayers for the development of Chinese SOFCs.
Oxidation of Alcohols into the Corresponding Aldehydes or Ketones by Molecular Oxygen
Liu Junhua1,2 Wang Fang1,2 Xu Xianlun1*
2007, 19 (11): 1718-1726 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract

The use of molecular oxygen as the stoichiometric oxidant should be advantageous because it is inexpensive, readily available, and ultimately produces benign byproducts such as H2O. An overview is presented on the progress in catalytic oxidation of liquid alcohols into the corresponding aldehydes or ketones by molecular oxygen,which covering the homogeneous catalysis, heterogeneous catalysis, and new catalytic materials. The catalytic systems composed by transition metal as active ingredient are emphasized. Meanwhile, the advances on new catalytic materials and their applications in the catalytic oxidation of alcohols are discussed in detail. The research of conventional catalysis and the new catalytic materials are all considered to be attractive in the future.

Nitroxyl Radical TEMPO: An Organocatalyst for Highly Efficient and Selective Oxidation of Alcohol
Yang Guanyu**,Guo Yanchun, Wu Guanghui, Zheng Liwen, Song Maoping**
2007, 19 (11): 1727-1735 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
The oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones is one of the fundamental transformations in organic synthesis. Since the Anelli’s protocol（TEMPO/NaBr/NaOCl）was discovered, the oxidation of alcohol using TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidyl-1-oxyl) as an organocatalyst has become a important methodology under mild conditions due to its very high efficiency and selectivity, and is widely applied in both laboratory and industry. The recent researches on TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation of alcohol focused on two fields: the investigations of catalytic systems for the green oxidation of alcohol with molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant, and TEMPO immobilizations in order to realize recovery and recycling of the catalysts. With emphasis on the above two fields, this paper has reviewed the development and recent progress of TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation of alcohol.
Aerobic Oxidation Reactions Catalyzed by N-Hydroxyphthalimide and Its Analogues
xu haifeng, Tang Ruiren*, Gong Nianhua, Liu Changhui, Zhou Yaping
2007, 19 (11): 1736-1745 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the recent aerobic oxidation reactions catalyzed by N-hydroxyph-thalimide(NHPI) and its analogues. The oxidation mechanism is also reviewed briefly. The catalytic system composed of NHPI and transition metal ion can catalyze effectively ethane into acetic acid , cyclane into dicarboxylic acid, toluene into benzoic acid，alkene into epoxide, alkyne into acetylenic ketone , and amide into imide; NHPI used alone can catalyze adamantane carbonylated, hydrogen peroxide prepared by oxidization alcohol; NHPI combined with assistant catalyst such as : azodiisobutyronitrile, quaternary ammonium bromide, anthraquinone, alcohol et.al can also catalyze aerobic oxidations.
Dutch Resolution
Sun Fengxia*,Fu Decai, Yu Yifeng, Guo Junyong, Zhang Lili
2007, 19 (11): 1746-1753 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
Developments and mechanism of the first generation Dutch resolution, the second generation Dutch resolution and reverse Dutch resolution are reviewed. Diastereomeric crystallization can be formed easily and rapidly with high yield and nearly 100% ee in Dutch resolution. Members of the family resolving agents show the solid solution behavior in the first generation Dutch resolution. In the first generation Dutch resolution, nucleation inhibitor widens the metastable zone of diastereoisomers, and the nucleation temperature of the more soluble diastereomeric salt drops more than that of the less soluble diastereomeric salt. So the less soluble diastereomeric salt can crystallize easily. The application and outlook of Dutch resolution are presented in the end of this paper.
Click Chemistry and Its Applications
Li Juan1 Duan Ming2,3** Zhang Liehui3 Jiang Xiaohui1
2007, 19 (11): 1754-1760 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
Click chemistry is an approach that through which large numbers of new compounds can be quickly synthesized by utilizing the most practical and reliable chemical trasformations. These reactions can give products in highly yields without special purification and were conducted under mild conditions.In this paper, some basic conceptions of click chemistry were introduced. As a new systhesis method,the application of click chemistry in drug discovery which inclued lead discovery libraries,carbohydrates,natural product derivatives,bioconjugation and macromolecule’s polymer synthesis were reviewed in detail. At last, future trends of click chemistry is prospected.
Perylene diimide as organic photovoltaic acceptor materials
Huo Lijun 1,2 Han Minfang1 Li Yongfang 2**
2007, 19 (11): 1761-1769 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
Perylene diimide is a typical n-type semiconductor material, which possesses both high electron mobility and strong absorption in visible region as well as high optical and thermal stability. In recent years, perylene diimide and its derivatives have been well applied to organic photovoltaic cells. In this article, the structures and properties of perylene diimide and its derivatives were introduced, and the recent progress in the studies of perylene diimide acceptor materials (including small molecule perylene diimide, perylene diimide acceptor-containing D-A bi-functional molecules and donor-acceptor block copolymers containing perylene diimide acceptor segments) in the organic photovoltaic cells was reviewed.
Preparation of Water-Soluble Conducting Polyanilines
Chen Hui, Ma Huiru, Guan Jianguo**
2007, 19 (11): 1770-1775 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
Water-soluble conducting polyanilines have important potential applications in areas of anti-corrosion coatings, electromagnetic shielding, biomedicine etc. Based on the latest literatures and recent works in our research group, the preparation techniques of water-soluble polyaniline are summarized in this paper. The emphasis is focused on the block or graft copolymerization of aniline and water-soluble aniline derivatives as well as the copolymerization mechanisms. The future research directions of the water-soluble polyanilines and its-based free-standing membranes are also pointed out.
Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectrics
Huang Xingyi, Jiang Pingkai**,Jin Tianxiong, Ke Qingquan
2007, 19 (11): 1776-1782 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
Polymer nanocomposites can not only exhibit advantageous electrical, magnetic, optical properties of nanomaterials but also have the advantage of easy molding of polymer and therefore great attentions are now paid to the research of them. This paper summarizes the recent advances of the researches on the dielectric properties of the polymer nanocomposites, and especially dealt with the investigation results concerning the electrical conduction, dielectric strength, space charge, dielectric permittivity, dielectric loss and partial discharge. And also the aspect of the future research work has been proposed in the last place.
Polymeric Quasi-Porphyrin Metal Complexes
Wang Rongmin**,Zhao Ming, He Yufeng, Hao Erxia, Shen Guorui
2007, 19 (11): 1783-1790 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
In order to mimic the function of natural metalloporphyrin, many kinds of metalloporphyrins were synthesized and applied in different region. It was also found that natural metalloporphyrins show excellent activities only in protein cave, which is surrounded with natural polymer chains. Therefore, polymer quasi-porphyrin metal complexes have been noticed by more and more researchers because of their excellent performances in transmission oxygen, catalytic oxidation, electrical-conductivity, and so on. According to bonding method, polymer quasi-porphyrin metal complexes can be divided into polymer supported quasi-metalloporphyrins and polymeric quasi-porphyrin metal complexes. Compared with polymer supported quasi-metalloporphyrins, polymeric quasi-porphyrin metal complexes exhibit higher stability and activity. Crosslinked with bifunctional group compound, the porphyrin or phthalocyanine can be condensation polymerized, which afford line and sheet polymeric metalloporphyrins or sheet polymeric phthalocyanine. They exhibit high conductivity and catalytic activity. Chiral Salen Shiff-base metal complexes can be polymerized, which afford chiral line or net polymeric Salen metal complexes. They show good catalytic activity with high ee value and recycle ability. Some heterodinuclear polymeric metal complexes with different quasi-porphyrin metal complexes also show catalytic aerobic oxidation behavior.
Molecular Design and Synthesis of Polyborosilazane Precurosors for SiBCN Ceramics
Kong Jie**, Zhang Guobin, Liu Qin
2007, 19 (11): 1791-1799 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
As important polymeric precursors for siliconboron carbonotide (SiBCN) ceramic applied in high temperature and high oxidation corrosive environments, polyborosilazane precursors with excellent yield of ceramic and process ability have been received much more attention over the last two decade. In the present paper, recent progress in molecular design and synthesis of polyborosilazane precurosors for SiBCN ceramics was reviewed. Espically, the borazine modified polyborosilazane, monofunctional borane modified polyborosilazane on side chain, multi-functional borane based polyborosilazane and boron-cantaining poly-carbodiimides were illustrated in view of the molecular design and resultant synthesis, repectively. Accord-ingly, the new research ideas, such as synthesis of hyperbranched polyborosilazane precursors and preparation of siliconboron carbonotide based micro/nano elctromachincal systems (M/NEMS), were introduced based on the progress of polyborosilazane precurosors derived SiBCN ceramics and nanotechnology.
Application of Carbon-Based Thin-Film Electrode Materials in Electroanalytical Chemistry
Jia Jianbo**
2007, 19 (11): 1800-1805 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
Carbon materials have been widely used in electroanalytical chemistry because they have a number of advantageous properties. The development of new carbon-based electrode materials with improved properties promotes the advance of electroanalytical chemistry significantly. Recently, several methods have been reported for the preparation of new carbon-based thin films. These films differ significantly as regards such electrochemical properties as potential window, stability, and conductivity as a result of the different deposition procedures. Great interesting was attracted by carbon-based thin-film electrode materials which have wide potential window, low background current, high stability, and less easily passivated by the products of redox reactions. We reviewed the application of several kinds of carbon-based thin-film electrode materials such as boron-doped diamond, amorphous carbon, and nanocrystalline carbon thin-film in electroanalytical chemistry.
Special issues
Progress and Application of Two-Photon Fluorescent Probes
Huang Chibao1,2, Fan Jiangli1, Peng Xiaojun1**, Sun Shiguo1
2007, 19 (11): 1806-1812 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
Two-photon fluorescence imaging with such properties as NIR(near infrared) photons as excitation source, imaging in the black background, avoidance of photodamage and photobleaching, fixed target excitation, high transverse and lognitudinal resolutions, small absorption coefficient of light in tissue, lower tissue auto-fluorescence, etc. is superior to one-photon fluorescence imaging, and might be a powerful tool for life science studies. Two-photon fluorescence probes applied to studies on the contents of ions and the effects of their contents upon physiology, physiological action merchanisms of ions, interplays between ions and molecules, distributions of specific molecules and their interactions, and so on plays an important role in imaging. The aim of the studies on two-photon fluorescence probes is to promote the developments of the applications for two-photon fluorescence microscopies, of life science and medicine, and of chemistry to which two-photon fluorescence probes are subject. Undoubtedly, the developments and applications of two-photon fluorescence probes are significantly meaningful in theory and practice. The advantages of two-photon fluorescence imaging, the principles of design for two-photon fluorescent probes and their applications in ions analyses were reviewed. In particular, the research progress, developing trends and prospects in the future are also discussed.
Review
Multidimensional Liquid Column Chromatography
Cong Jingxiang 1,2,Lin Bingchang 1,2*
2007, 19 (11): 1813-1819 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
The analysis and separation of complex samples by multidimensional liquid column chromatography are paid more attentions. In this paper, the recent progress of multidimensional liquid column chromatography is reviewed. The constructions of two dimensional liquid chromatography are discussed in detail, including the selections of stationary phases, mobile phases, the function of temperature variable and the switching between the two dimensions. The applications of multidimensional liquid column chromatography are summarized.
Progress in Chiral Sensors
Weng Wen1** Han Jingli1 Chen Youzun1 Huang Xiaojia2
2007, 19 (11): 1820-1825 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
The development of chiral project requires chiral analytical technologies with simple handle, low cost, high speed, real time and on-line operation. Chiral sensor system represents a major branch of future research. In this paper, the progresses in chiral electrochemical sensor, chiral mass chemical sensor based on quartz crystal microbalance and chiral optical sensor were reviewed. The preparations and applications of these chiral sensors were introduced. The prospects of this field were also put forward.
Progress on Electrokinetic Pump Techniques
Ma Jiping1* Chen Lingxin2 Guan Yafeng2
2007, 19 (11): 1826-1831 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) deals with the motion of fluids driven by an electric field applied to the fluids. The principal application of EHD in microsystems is an electrokinetic pump (EKP) technique including two mainly important types of EKP, electrophoretic pump (EPP) and electroosmotic pump (EOP). These unique pumping techniques are widely used to move chemical and biological fluids in channels with extremely small cross sections, ranging from square millimeters to square micrometers and even to nanochannel size. Recently, there are many fabrication techniques for various EOP such as packed-bed, polymer monoliths, parallel channel, nanochannel and microporous membrane pump, showing its integration in microsystems and promising applications such as capillary liquid chromatography, flow injection analysis and drug delivery. The microfabricate and related techniques of EKP are reviewed.
Supercritical/Subcritical Technology for Pretreatment and Hydrolyzation of Stalks
Zhao Yan1 Wang Hongtao1** Lu Wenjing1 Li Dong2
2007, 19 (11): 1832-1838 |
Published: 14 November 2007
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Abstract
The resourcilization technology of stalks, typically as ethanol production technology, has caught much attention due to its feasibility and valuable production. Pretreatment and hydrolyzation are the key processes of ethanol production from stalks, and multifarious chemical and biological technologies have been developed for stalks conversion. Supercritical/ subcritical technology demonstrated obvious advantages over traditional ways, such as much higher reaction rate, not requiring additional catalyst, and no inhibitory reaction of products. Progress in research and development of supercritical/ subcritical technology for pretreatment and hydrolyzation is critically reviewed in this paper, especially the principle, process and interrelated research of combined supercritical/ subcritical technology, which includes the primary treatment in supercritical water for separating the polymeric components and hydrolyzing of cellulose to oligosaccharides, and the secondary treatment in subcritical water for hydrolyzing of oligosaccharides to glucose. Additional information on the research of hydrothermal treatment is also provided. Furthermore, the prospect of research and application of supercritical/ subcritical technology is discussed.