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Progress in Chemistry 2019, Vol. 31 Issue (9): 1263-1282 DOI: 10.7536/PC190222 Previous Articles   Next Articles

Cationic Antimicrobial Polymers

Jingshi Liang1, Jiaming Zeng1, Junjie Li1, Jueqin She1, Ruixuan Tan2,**(), Bo Liu1,**()   

  1. 1. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
    2. Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
  • Received: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Ruixuan Tan, Bo Liu
  • About author:
    ** E-mail: (Ruixuan Tan);
    (Bo Liu)
  • Supported by:
    The Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2019JJ50641)
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Cationic antimicrobial polymers, as a kind of novel antimicrobial material with unique antimicrobial mechanism and high antimicrobial activity, can effectively solve the problem of bacterial resistance, which have caused widespread concern. Although cationic antimicrobial polymers have potent antimicrobial activities, the factors that affect their antimicrobial activities, including the balance of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, molecular weight, alkyl chain length, counter ions, and so on, are reviewed. Antimicrobial activity is one of the important factors to evaluate the pros and cons of antimicrobial agents. Thus, it is of great significance for optimizing or developing the safer and more efficient cationic antimicrobial polymers by controlling the factors affecting antimicrobial activity. In this review, multiple antimicrobial strategies of different modes acting on bacteria are firstly summarized. Then, the research progress of natural cationic antibacterial polymers, quaternary ammonium salt polymers, N-halamine polymers, phosphonium and sulfonium salt polymers, guanidine salt polymers and antibacterial hydrogels are listed based on the parameters affecting the properties of cationic antimicrobial polymers. In addition, the antibacterial coatings, membranes or gels fabricated with some cationic antimicrobial are also described. Finally, the current challenges about realizing the clinical application of antibacterial agents and the future perspectives in this field are discussed.

Key words: cationic antimicrobial polymers, antimicrobial mechanism, antimicrobial activity, biocompatibility
Table 1 Multiple antibacterial strategies
Antibacterial strategy Antibacterial mechanism ref
Antibiotic (1) Interaction with cell wall biosynthesis to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains;(2) Blocking the protein biosynthesis on ribosomes;(3) Interfering with DNA replication. 9~11
Antibacterial peptide (1) Membrane interaction mechanism targeting bacterial cell membrane;(2) Intracellular mechanism of action targeting intracellular macromolecular substances(enzymes, nucleic acids and heat shock proteins). 12
Photodynamic antibacterial method Cell death by singlet oxygen(1O2) and its reactive oxygen species produced by interaction with cellular components. 13~15
Inorganic antibacterial material (1) Under certain conditions, nanoparticles interact with bacterial cell walls through charge interaction to destroy cell membrane structure;(2) Nanoparticles produce reactive oxygen species;(3) Destroy the surface morphology of bacteria;(4) Anti-fouling ability;(5) High surface area to volume ratio, surface modification process. 16~24
Hydrophilic antibacterial adhesion material Inhibits protein and bacterial adhesion and stain resistance 25~27
Super hydrophobic or "slippery" anti-bacterial
adhesion surface		 Prevents surface wetting of water, low surface energy, and excellent adhesion resistance 28, 29
Biomimetic nanostructure antibacterial surface The combination of a layered surface and a low surface free energy provided by surface chemistry provides cleanness and stain resistance. In addition, the surface of the biomimetic nanostructure affects the metabolism of bacterial cells and destroys the morphology of the cells. 30~32
Gas antibacterial method(CO、NO) Inhibition of bacterial respiratory chain and production of adenosine triphosphate, promoting bacterial phagocytosis. 33~37
Scheme. 1 Quaternized β-chitin[41]
Scheme. 2 Structure of chitosan[42]
Scheme. 3 Structure of some chitosan derivatives[62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70]
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of the preparation of antibacterial coating[71].(Reprinted from Applied Surface Science, 478, Liang J S, She J Q, He H, Fan Z, Chen S, Li J, Liu B, A new approach to fabricate polyimidazolium salt(PIMS) coatings with efficient antifouling and antibacterial properties, 770~778. Copyright(2019), with permission from Elsevier).
Scheme. 4 Structure of poly(ε-lysine)[72]
Scheme. 5 Polymers affected by chain length[102, 107, 109, 111~114]
Scheme. 6 Cationic polymers with different anions[119, 122, 123]
Scheme. 7 Polymers with the balance of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity[133~137, 139~141]
Fig. 10 Scheme 8 Polysiloxane quaternary ammonium salts with different molecular weights of epoxy groups[146]
Scheme. 9 Main chain imidazolium salt oligomer[147]
Scheme. 10 Side chain cationic polymer and backbone cationic polymer[148]
Scheme. 11 Structures of amphiphilic polymers[149]
Fig. 2 Structure-activity relationship for amphiphilic polymers[149].(Reprinted with permission from ref[149]. Copyright(2019) American Chemical Society).
Scheme. 12 Chi-HDH-Cl[162]
Scheme. 13 Polymers of phosphonium and phosphonium salt[167, 171, 173~175]
Scheme. 14 Polymers of guanidine salt[181, 183, 185~187, 191]
Scheme. 15 Structures of antibacterial hydrogels[195, 196]
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Abstract

Cationic Antimicrobial Polymers