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Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (10): 1812-1822 DOI: 10.7536/PC200920 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Performances and Interactions of Contaminants Removal from Water by Sulfidated Zerovalent Iron

Kaili Gu1,2, Haozhen Li1,2, Jinhua Zhang1,2, Jinxiang Li1,2()   

  1. 1 School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
    2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing 210094, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Jinxiang Li
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(51708416); Fundamental Research Founds for the Central Universities(30919011267); State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Foundation(PCRRF19005)
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In recent years, synchronously mediating the reactivity and electron selectivity(ES) of zerovalent iron(ZVI) toward target contaminant has been of great interest but challenging to researchers. Sulfidation can suppress the side reaction of ZVI with water under anaerobic conditions and thus improve the ES toward target contaminants. As such, this review systematically summarizes the physicochemical characteristics of sulfidated ZVI(S-ZVI) as function of the sulfidation approaches, reagents and extents. Then, this work analyzes the interactions of contaminants removal by S-ZVI. Typically, the sulfidation can tune the electrical conductivity and/or hydrophobicity of ZVI, thereby enhancing the reactivity and ES toward target contaminants under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, which is strongly dependent on S/Fe molar ratio but without regard to the approaches and reagents of sulfidation. Finally, the application potentials of S-ZVI for groundwater remediation and wastewater treatment are also outlooked.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Preparations and morphology of S-ZVI

2.1 One-step synthesis

2.2 Two-step synthesis

2.3 Ball-milling synthesis

3 Surface and bulk characteristics of S-ZVI

3.1 Surface information

3.2 Valence state and distribution of S/Fe

3.3 Bulk contents of S and Fe

4 Physical and chemical properties of S-ZVI

4.1 Conductivity

4.2 Hydrophobicity

4.3 H2 evolution rate

5 Decontamination performances of S-ZVI

5.1 Reactivity

5.2 Electron selectivity

6 Engineering applications

7 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: sulfidation, zerovalent iron, reactivity, electron selectivity, physicochemical characteristic
Fig. 1 Schematic diagrams of the synthesis methods of S-ZVI and its morphology and structure.(a) one-step method,(b) two-step method,(c) ball milling method;(d) SEM[41] and TEM[42] images of S-nZVIone-step,(e) SEM[43] and TEM[28] images of S-nZVItwo-step,(f) SEM[44] image of S-mZVIbm
Fig. 2 (a) Specific surface area[36,42,54,56⇓⇓ ~59,67] and(b) related surface information of S-ZVI particles under different sulfide-modified methods and S/Fe molar ratios[36,42,55]
Fig. 3 Effects of sulfide-modified methods and S/Fe molar ratios on(a) S speciation and Fe speciation on the surfac e [49,53,54,57,61];(b) the content of S and Fe0 on the surface[39,54,59] of S-ZVI particles
Fig. 4 Effects of sulfide-modified methods and S/Fe molar ratios on(a) the fitted resistance[28,39,53,54](b) contact angle[39,57];(c) H2 evolution rate[36,39,57,63] of S-ZVI
Fig. 5 (a) Surface-area-normalized rate constant[30,31,36,42,54,59,64] and(b) electron efficiency of contaminants removal by S-ZVI under different sulfide-modified methods and S/Fe molar ratios[28,30,39,54,57,61,67,68]
Fig. 6 A field study of S-nZVI for in situ groundwater remediation[70]
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