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Progress in Chemistry 2020, Vol. 32 Issue (9): 1264-1273 DOI: 10.7536/PC200108 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in the Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Miao Qin1,2, Mengjie Xu1,2, Di Huang1,2,**(), Yan Wei1,2, Yanfeng Meng3,**(), Weiyi Chen1,2   

  1. 1. Research Center for Nano-Biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
    2. Institute of Applied Mechanics & Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
    3. The Affiliated Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Di Huang, Yanfeng Meng
  • Supported by:
    The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1967215); The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81671789); The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11502158)
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The application of Gd-based contrast agent is widely broad for magnetic resonance imaging in clinic diagnosis. However, the toxicity of Gd-based contrast agent still cannot be ignored. Therefore, most researchers have made a great effort to find low toxic contrast agent. Iron oxide nanoparticles(IONP) have a great dark contrast effects in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) due to their superparamagnetic properties, and they also have good biocompatibility. With the rapid development of biomaterials and molecular image technology, the application of IONP in MRI has become more and more broad. In recent years, IONP has made great progress in dual-modal imaging. What’s more, IONP is not only used to clinical diagnosis, but also in treatment. It offers some new strategies for the treatment of disease. Based on the magnetic resonance imaging mechanism and preparation, surface modification of IONP, this review elaborates the research progress of IONP in magnetic resonance imaging in recent years.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Magnetic resonance imaging principle

3 Development of MRI contrast agent

4 Preparation and modification of IONP

5 Application of IONP in MRI

5.1 Application of IONP in brain MRI

5.2 Application of IONP in liver MRI

5.3 Application of IONP in vessel MRI

5.4 Application of IONP molecular probe in MRI

5.5 Application of IONP in multimodal imaging

5.6 Application of IONP intelligent probe in MRI

5.7 Application of IONP in diagnosis and treatment

6 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: iron oxide nanoparticles(IONP), surface modification, imaging mechanism, MRI application
Fig.1 The development of MRI contrast agent[8~18]
Table 1 Comparison of the preparation method of IONP[19~23]
Preparation Methods Advantages Disadvantages Surface Property ref
Coprecipitation Method Low needs of experiment conditions, short reaction time, easy to manipulate and low cost. Nonuniform diameter of products, large diameter and a poor monodispersity. Hydrophilia [19], [20]
Thermal Decomposition Method High crystallinity of products, uniform diameter and a good monodispersity. The products are hydrophobicity and need to further modify. Hydrophobicity [21]
Microemulsion Method Simple experimental installation, easy to manipulate and low energy consumption. Low productivity, low crystallinity of products, wide range of diameter distribution and high cost of solvent. Most of products are hydrophobicity. [22]
Hydrothermal Method Easy to manipulate, high purity of products and high magnetism. High requirements of reaction temperature, pressure and device. Hydrophilia [23]
Table 2 The modification methods of IONP[26, 27, 32, 40]
Modification methods Principle Commonly used substances ref
Amphiphilic ligand encapsulation The hydrophobic end of the amphiphilic polymer and the hydrophobic group on the surface of the nanoparticle form a micelle through Van der Waals hydrophobic interaction, and the hydrophilic group faces the outside of the particle, thereby obtaining water-dispersible nanoparticles. SiO2 PEG; Polysaccharose 27, 32
Ligand exchange Hydrophilic ligands with anchoring groups instead of hydrophobic surface ligands, thereby obtaining water-dispersible nanoparticles. Dopamine; Carboxylic 26,40
Table 3 The modifiers of IONP[28~34]
Modifiers Toxicity Function ref
Dextran Nontoxicity Dextran makes IONP have a good hydrophilia and dispersity. The surface carboxyls are easy to further functionalization. 28
PEG Low toxicity PEG can prevent IONP from aggregation, which makes IONP have a good dispersity. 27
Oleic acid Nontoxicity Oleic acid is absorbed in IONP using the polar end of negative charge, it prevents IONP from aggregation by repulsion between the same charge at the mean time, which makes IONP have a good dispersity. 40
Au Nontoxicity Au prevents IONP from external environment distribution and aggregation. It offers active surface for IONP to further functionalization as well. 31
SiO2 Nontoxicity SiO2 improves stability of IONP in hydrophilia solution, and it offers hydroxyl for IONP to further functionalization. 32
Polypeptide Nontoxicity Polypeptide linked to IONP make it acquire targetability for diseases, which could improve detection rate of diseases. 33, 34
Fig.2
Fig.3 The R2* maps of a) patient with atherosclerotic plaque and b) healthy people after USPIO administration(72 h)[43]
Fig.4
Fig.5 a) The illustration of EPR effect enhancement by uIONP, b) T 1- and T 2-weighted MRI of a mouse bearing orthotopic 4T1 tumors before and after uIONP administration[52]
Fig.6
Fig.7 a) The illustration of AuNW preparation, b) ultrasonic and photoacoustic imaging pictures of AuNW before and at 2, 4, 24 and 48 h after intravenous injection of AuNW, c) tumor volume curves of different treatment groups, d) survival curves of different treatment groups[63]
Fig.8 a) Schematic illustration of MFION-based engineering of MSCs for the recovery post-ischemic stroke. b) TEM pictures of 1D MFION, c) in vitro MR imaging effect of 1D MFION, d) MR detections of brain infarct volume(indicated by yellow arrows and red dash lines) before and after treatment.(NT group: MCAo mice without any treatment, Sham group:the internal carotid artery was ligated but no occlusion was performed, Na?ve group: MCAo mice treated with non-engineered MSCs, PEI group: MCAo mice treated with PEI-engineered MSCs, SPION group: MCAo mice treated with SPIO-engineered MSCs, MFION group: MCAo mice treated with MFION-engineered MSCs)[64]
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