| Origin and type | Structural characteristics | PDB ID | R1 (%)b | R2 (%)C | R3 (%)d | R4 (%)e | Antifreeze Mechnism | ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish | AFPⅠ | α-helix, 65% alanine | 1WFA | 68 | 33 | 14 | 0 | a hydration mediated AFP adsorption mechanism/“local melting” mechanism | 33, 79 |
| AFPⅡ | Globular, 2α-helix+2 β-sheet | 2ZIB | 52 | 12 | 24 | 38 | ACW mechanism | 84, 88 | |
| 2PY2 | 35 | 41 | 28 | 24 | |||||
| 6JK4 | 32 | 0 | 26 | 50 | |||||
| AFPⅢ | Globular, no dominant nonpolar amino acids | 1MSI | 31 | 56 | 19 | 0 | a hydration mediated AFP adsorption mechanism | 67, 92, 93, 95 | |
| 1OPS | 32 | 50 | 14 | 0 | |||||
| 1UCS | 38 | 56 | 19 | 0 | |||||
| 1GZI | 39 | 56 | 19 | 0 | |||||
| 3QF6 | 27 | 56 | 19 | 0 | |||||
| 1HG7 | 38 | 56 | 16 | 0 | |||||
| 4UR4 | 37 | 56 | 15 | 0 | |||||
| 1AME | 36 | 56 | 16 | 0 | |||||
| AFPⅣ | 4 antiparallel helical bundles, Glu-rich | The Adsorption-Inhibition Hypothesis | 98 | ||||||
| AFGP | (Ala-Thr-Ala)n with a disaccharide moiety(Galβ1- 3GalNAcα1-) attached to each Thr residue | The Adsorption-Inhibition Hypothesis/Perturbation of Long- Range Water Dynamics | 17, 29, 31, 34, 35 | ||||||
| Insect | Polyproline type II | 3BOI | 34 | 47 | 18 | 7 | “local melting” mechanism | 104 | |
| 2PNE | 38 | 47 | 21 | 7 | |||||
| β-solenoid, seven coils of TCTxSxxCxxAx repeats | 1EZG | 16 | 44 | 14 | 0 | ACW mechanism | 28, 76 | ||
| β-solenoid, flat β-sheet of Thr-x-Thr motifs | 1EWW | 19 | 27 | 19 | 0 | 16, 69 | |||
| 1L0S | 21 | 20 | 19 | 0 | |||||
| 1M8N | 24 | 33 | 16 | 0 | |||||
| Flat β-solenoid | 4DT5 | 13 | 29 | 20 | 4 | ||||
| β-solenoid, Thr-rich, Cys- rich | 1L1I | 15 | 44 | 15 | 0 | ||||
| Plant Micro-organism | Bacteria | β-solenoid | 3ULT | 15 | 50 | 14 | 0 | ACW mechanism | 50 |
| β-solenoid | 3P4G | 20 | 5 | 29 | 18 | ACW mechanism | 32 | ||
| β-solenoid with a triangular cross-section alongside an α-helix | 3WP9 | 21 | 32 | 25 | 10 | ACW mechanism | 15, 118, 119 | ||
| 4NU2 | 28 | 38 | 16 | 5 | |||||
| 6EIO | 32 | 20 | 8 | 10 | |||||
| Fungus | β-solenoid with a triangular cross-section alongside an α-helix | 3UYU | 24 | 41 | 22 | 13 | ACW mechanism | 14, 51, 120, 121 | |
| 5B5H | 24 | 48 | 6 | 8 | |||||
| 6A8K | 24 | 50 | 10 | 5 | |||||
| 3VN3 | 25 | 35 | 13 | 12 | |||||
| Ubiquitin | Globular | 1UBQ | 16 | 41 | Non-antifreeze protein(as a reference) | ||||
