| Raw materials | Catalysts | Activator/dopant | Processing temperature,℃ | BET surface area, m2·g-1 | Reactions | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AL | N-S-C 900 | - | 900 | 486 | Oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) | |
| Lignin | Lignin derived multi-doped(N, S, Cl) carbon materials | NaCl/ZnCl2 | 1000 | 1289 | ORR | |
| Low-sulfur lignin | Sulfur-nitrogen co-doped porous biocarbon catalyst | NaCl/ZnCl2 | 1000 | 1218.68 | Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction(ECRR) | |
| Lignin | Pt/Lg-CDs-800 | - | 800 | - | Methanol electro-oxidation reaction(MOR) | |
| Kraft lignin | Pd-activated carbon catalysts | H3PO4 | 900 | 1248 | Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction and hydrogenation | |
| Eucalyptus lignin | High-Performance Magnetic Activated Carbon | KOH | 800 | 2875 | Magnetic activated carbons(MACE) | |
| MACE | High-Performance Magnetic Activated Carbon-NiMo Supports | KOH | 800 | 2875 | Hydrodeoxygenation(HDO) | |
| SLS | Co3S4/C NiS/C MoS2/C Co3Mo6S/C NiMoS3/C S/C | Mg(OH)2 | 700 | 379 560 630 485 412 571 | HDO | |
| DAL | Mo-DAL | - | 800 | 19.7 | Hydrogen production from formic acid | |
| Lignin | A single-atom cobalt over nitrogen-doped carbon(Co SAs/N@C) | Zn(OAC)2·2H2O | 900 | - | Transformation of 5-HMF and furfural into the carboxylic acids. | |
| AL | Co-Mn/N@C | Dicyandiamide | 800 | - | Aerobic oxidation of 5- hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5- furandicarboxylic acid | |
| AL | M SAs-N@C, M=Fe, Co, Ni, Cu | Dicyandiamide Zn(OAC)2·2H2O | 1000 | - | Oxidative esterification of primary alcohols | |
| SLS | N,S-doped hierarchical porous catalysts(Co-Nx/Sy-C) | Thiourea | 900 | 314 | Peroxymonosulfate-based oxidative degradation and borohydride- mediated reductive amination of several pollutants |
