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Applications of Transition Metallates in Catalysis

Wang Sasa, Sun Hui, Chen Shengjie, You Hongxing, Liu Ye^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2287-2298.

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Wang Sasa, Sun Hui, Chen Shengjie, You Hongxing, Liu Ye^*. Applications of Transition Metallates in Catalysis[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

Transition metallates have attracted much attention as one important kind of transition metal containing catalysts with the advantages of low cost, commercial availability, less toxicity, and good stability. Metallate is the name given to any complex anion containing a metal ligated to several atoms or small groups. Typically, the metal will be one of the transition elements and the ligand will be oxygen (oxometallate: WO₄^2-, PMo₁₂O₄₀^3-, etc.), other chalcogenide (thiometallate: MoS₄^2-, etc.), or halogen (halometallate: PtCl₆^2-, TiF₆^2-, etc.). The properties of metallates can be controlled by transition metal substitution and the counter-cations alteration at molecular levels. However, most of the research on applications of metallates in catalysis is focused on oxometallates. In this review, besides oxometallates, the other kinds of transition metallates such as thiometallates, cyanometallates, and halometallates as the efficient catalysts in catalytic reactions are also summarized. Furthermore, the use of metallates in combination with ionic liquids is emphasized herein, which is regarded as a promising method to guarantee the recyclability of metallate catalysts. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Application of transition metallates in catalysis
2.1 Application of transition metallates as catalysts in oxidations
2.2 Application of transition metallates in acid catalyzed reactions
2.3 Application of transition metallates as catalysts in other reactions
3 Conclusion and outlook
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Design Strategy , Processing and Applications of Organic Micro- and Nano-Materials

Yang Liu, Lei Ting, Pei Jian^*, Liu Chenjiang^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2299-2311.

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Yang Liu, Lei Ting, Pei Jian^*, Liu Chenjiang^*. Design Strategy , Processing and Applications of Organic Micro- and Nano-Materials[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

Organic micro- and nano-materials is a kind of novel material system, possessing a good many features of traditional bulk organic materials, and exhibiting unique physicochemical characteristics due to size effect. Thus they have attracted more and more attentions in recent years. In comparison with traditional inorganic micro- and nano-materials, organic micro- and nano-materials possesses some merits such as unlimited choice of building blocks, low-cost, ease for large-area fabrication, and they have been applied in organic field-effect transistors, organic photovoltaic solar cells and so on. In this paper, we summarizes recent development of organic micro- and nano-materials. Using the concept of supramolecular chemistry, we discusses molecule design strategy and growth mechanism of organic micro- and nano-materials, and their applications. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Molecular design strategy and synthesis
2.1 π-π interaction
2.2 S-S interaction
2.3 Donor-acceptor interaction
2.4 Hydrophobic interaction
2.5 Hydrogen-bonding interaction
3 Controlled growth and growth mechanism of organic micro- and nano-materials
3.1 Internal factors of the organic micro- and nano-materials growth
3.2 External actors of the organic micro- and nano-materials growth
4 The applications of organic micro- and nano-materials
4.1 Organic field-effect transistors
4.2 Organic photovoltaic solar cells
5 Conclusion and Outlook
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Preparation of FeNi Nano-Alloy with Various Morphologies

Yao Yonglin, Zhang Chuanfu^*, Zhan Jing, Wu Jianhui, Li Changjun

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2312-2319.

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Yao Yonglin, Zhang Chuanfu^*, Zhan Jing, Wu Jianhui, Li Changjun. Preparation of FeNi Nano-Alloy with Various Morphologies[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

As an important functional material, FeNi nano-alloy exhibits great potential for using as magnetic recording materials, catalyst, absorbing materials, biomedicine materials and so on for its unique electromagnetic and catalytic properties. Due to the important impact of morphology of the material on its performance, the preparation of FeNi nanostructure with various morphologies including nanosphere, one-dimensional nanostructure, nanodot, nanoring, nanoplate, nanoflower, nanobranch and no particular shape are summarized in this paper. The basic principles and regulation rules of each method are described, and the advantages and disadvantages are evaluated briefly. The mechanism and law of the morphology and size of the material that influence on its properties are also described, and the application fields of FeNi nano-alloy with different morphologies are pointed out. Finally, the future research direction is prospected. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of FeNi nano-alloy
2.1 Nanospheres
2.2 One-dimensional nanostructure
2.3 Nanodots
2.4 Nanorings
2.5 Nanoplates
2.6 Nanoflowers
2.7 Nanobranches
2.8 No particular shape
3 Conclusion and outlook
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Graphene Nanoribbons

Zheng Xiaoqing, Feng Miao, Zhan Hongbing^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2320-2329.

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Zheng Xiaoqing, Feng Miao, Zhan Hongbing^*. Graphene Nanoribbons[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

In recent years, an interesting class of quasi one dimensional graphene-based material, known as graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), has attracted tremendous attention. Owing to the finite width and abundant edge geometries, GNRs present a lot of promising properties and applications, which are quite different from large-area graphene. In this paper we attempt to give an overview of their novel edge effect and the resulting electronic property, magnetic property, etc. We further present some typical preparation methods, defects types, doping, chemical modification and so on. We also provide an outlook of the applications of functional GNRs. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Edge effect of graphene nanoribbons
3 Properties of graphene nanoribbons
3.1 Electronic properties
3.2 Magnetic properties
3.3 Chemical reactivity
3.4 Other properties
4 Preparation of graphene nanoribbons
4.1 Etching method
4.2 Chemosynthesis
4.3 Graphene nanoribbons from carbon nanotubes
4.4 Other methods
5 Perspectives
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Composite Materials for Uranium Adsorption

Zhang Wen, Ye Gang, Chen Jing^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2330-2341.

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Zhang Wen, Ye Gang, Chen Jing^*. Composite Materials for Uranium Adsorption[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

Uranium is a very important nuclear fuel resource as well as one of main radioactive elements in the radioactive contamination liquid waste. Adsorption of uranium involves the extraction of uranium from all solutions and the treatment of uranium-contaminated liquid waste and the preconcentration of uranium for chemical analysis. In the present paper, the adsorption behavior of uranium by different composite adsorbents, whose matrixes were chemically modified with organo-functional groups, is reviewed. The applicable aqueous pH, the adsorption capacity and selectivity to uranium are discussed for different functional groups. The organophosphorus functional group-bearing composite material for uranium adsorption is promising because organophosphorus functional group showed the advantages of wide range of pH, higher adsorption capacity and better selectivity. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Matrixes of composite materials
3 Organo-functional group of composite materials
3.1 Only oxygen coordinated to uranyl ion
3.2 Ligands containing nitrogen coordinated
4 Conclusion and prospects
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Applications of Diels-Alder Reaction in Synthesis of Polymers with Well-Defined Architectures

Wang Zhipeng, Yuan Jinying^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2342-2351.

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Wang Zhipeng, Yuan Jinying^*. Applications of Diels-Alder Reaction in Synthesis of Polymers with Well-Defined Architectures[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

Diels-Alder reaction is a kind of reaction with high selectivity, high productivity, high reliability and condition tolerability. Ever since its discovery, it has been widely used in the organic synthetic chemistry and become a click chemistry. Recently, the Diels-Alder reaction is also gradually becoming an important linking method in the preparation for polymers with well-defined architectures, due to its broad practicability and orthogonality. Based on the classification of polymer architecture, this paper reviews the applications of Diels-Alder reaction in preparing these polymers. Moreover, the paper gives the outlook for further prospect of Diels-Alder reaction in the polymer science. The relative key questions include methodology developments, application in the preparation of polymers with more specialized architectures, and broadening the functional usages. Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Diels-Alder reaction
1.2 Characteristics of Diels-Alder reaction
2 Diels-Alder reaction approaches of polymers synthesis
2.1 Diels-Alder stepwise polymerization
2.2 Block copolymers
2.3 Cyclic block copolymers
2.4 Telechelic functional group
2.5 Graft copolymers
2.6 Star polymers
2.7 Hyperbranched polymers
3 Other utilization of Diels-Alder reaction
3.1 Survey as a protection group
3.2 Diels-Alder reaction based on the product of a Diels-Alder reaction (double-Diels-Alder reaction)
3.3 Other special architectural polymers
4 Conclusion and outlook
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Functionalized Polyamidoamine Dendrimer as Gene Delivery Vectors

Dong Bo, Yan Xibo, Niu Yujie, Wang Xin, Wang Lianyong, Wang Yanming^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2352-2358.

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Dong Bo, Yan Xibo, Niu Yujie, Wang Xin, Wang Lianyong, Wang Yanming^*. Functionalized Polyamidoamine Dendrimer as Gene Delivery Vectors[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

Gene therapy has emerged as the most promising therapeutic strategy for various human diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, neurological disease, and cancers by introducing functional gene into body via gene vectors. For the successful advancement of gene therapy, the further development of safer and more efficient gene delivery vectors has been an advanced topic in the researches of bioactive materials and gene delivery. Recently, polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers have been intensively studied because of their well-defined three-dimensional structures, relatively lower toxicity, possibility of facile modification, and capacity of carrying large gene segments. However, the applications of such molecules in gene delivery have been restricted by the complicated synthetic procedures and the laborious purification steps, as well as its lower transfection efficiency than virus. It is noted that surface modification of PAMAM dendrimers with series of bioactive molecules should intensively improve the transfection efficiency and biorecognition capacity. In this paper, an overview is presented with a focus on the PAMAM derivatives design and synthesis to enhance the gene delivery both in vitro and in vivo. We hope it may provide helpful insights for the further development of safe and efficient non-viral vectors. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structure based design of PAMAM dendrimers as novel effective gene carriers
2.1 Optimized design for the core structure of PAMAM dendrimers
2.2 Design of amphiphilic PAMAM dendrimers modified with unsaturated alkyl chains
3 Rational modifications of PAMAM dendrimers for the enhancement of transfection ability
3.1 Modification of PAMAM dendrimers with amino acids and peptides
3.2 Modification of PAMAM dendrimers with sacch-arides
3.3 Modification of PAMAM dendrimers with photos-ensitive compounds
3.4 Modification of PAMAM dendrimers with proteins
4 Hybrid materials based on PAMAM dendrimers
4.1 Surface modification of carbon nanotubes with PAMAM dendrimers
4.2 Surface modification of magnetic nanoparticles with PAMAM dendrimers
5 Outlook
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Electrospinning in Preparation of Modified Cellulose Acetate

Hou Jiazi, Zhang Wanxi, Guan Dongbo, Sun Xiaoping, Li Lili^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2359-2366.

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Hou Jiazi, Zhang Wanxi, Guan Dongbo, Sun Xiaoping, Li Lili^*. Electrospinning in Preparation of Modified Cellulose Acetate[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

Cellulose materials are the most abundant polymers on earth and can be found in various living organisms and plants. Cellulose acetate(CA)as one kind of cellulose derivatives is electrospun to fibers through esterification of cellulose. Because of the stability, ease of processing, nonflammable and biodegradable characteristics, CA is used to replace the raw materials of natural cellulose by electrospinning. As a simple and effective method to prepare nanofibers, electrospinning has attracted much attention. The electrospun nanofibers with diameters ranging from nanometer to micrometer scale have several advantages such as high ratio of surface area, good flexibility and high tensile strength. In this paper, methods to modify CA by electrospinning are introduced systematically. The physical methods include the addition of nanoparticles, polymer solution, surface modification and coaxial electrospinning; the chemical methods include regeneration and nitrification of CA fibers. The structures and properties of the modified CA fibers are investigated, the difference before and after modification of CA fibers are discussed in detail. The research progress of modified CA by electrospinning in recent years is summarized. The application of modified CA fibers in the fields such as biomedical, tissue engineering scaffoldings, filter media and functional fabrics are reviewed. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Electrospinning cellulose acetate nanofibers
2.1 Principles of electrospinning
2.2 Conditions of electrospinning cellulose acetate
3 Modification of electrospinning cellulose acetate fibers
3.1 Physical modification of electrospun CA fibers
3.2 Chemical modification of electrospun CA fibers
4 Applications of modified CA fibers
4.1 Filter materials
4.2 Biomedical materials
4.3 Hydrophobic materials
4.4 Other applications
5 Conclusions
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Application of Electrochemiluminescence Assay in Nucleic Acid Detection

Zhu Debin^*, Ma Wenge, Xing Xiaobo

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2367-2373.

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Zhu Debin^*, Ma Wenge, Xing Xiaobo. Application of Electrochemiluminescence Assay in Nucleic Acid Detection[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is chemiluminescence (CL) triggered by electrochemical technique. It has become an important analytical tool because of its high sensitivity, wide linear range, simple instrumentation setup, short analytical time, good selectivity, stable reagents, and wide analytical adaptability. Since Kenten first applied ECL in nucleic acid detection, many new schemes have been developed. This article presents the recent progress of ECL and its applications in nucleic acid detection from 2003 to May 2012. After a brief introduction to the basic principle and merits of ECL, this review presents the classification of ECL assay for nucleic acid detection, labeling oligonucleotides, the combination of magnetic beads-based ECL with nucleic acid amplification technique and nanotechnology, and the applications of direct immobilized ECL assay and capillary electrophoresis (CE)-ECL assay in nucleic acid detection. The development direction of ECL assay for nucleic acid detection is also prospected. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Basic principle and merits of ECL
3 ECL assay for nucleic acid detection
3.1 Classification of ECL assay for nucleic acid detection
3.2 Labeling oligonucleotides
4 Application of ECL assay for nucleic acid detection
4.1 Application of magnetic beads-based ECL assay
4.2 Application of direct immobilized ECL assay
4.3 Application of CE-ECL assay
5 Prospects
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Methods for Separation and Analysis of Nanomaterials in the Environment

L? Jitao, Zhang Shuzhen^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2374-2383.

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L? Jitao, Zhang Shuzhen^*. Methods for Separation and Analysis of Nanomaterials in the Environment[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

With the rapid development of nanotechnology and the wide application of manufactured nanomaterials, the potential for their release into the environment will increase drastically in the near future. Studies have suggested that the released nanomaterials can cause some potential adverse effects on both ecosystem and human health. Therefore, knowledges of concentration, behavior, and fate of nanomaterials in the environment will help us to accurately evaluate their environmental risks in order to make proper prevention and control countermeasures. However, due to the fact that many properties will influence the behavior and toxicity of nanomaterials in the environment, analysis of nanomaterials includes not only the determination of their concentration but also the identification of their characteristics such as composition, size, surface charge etc., therefore posing a great challenge to accurate analysis of nanomaterials in the environment. This review presents the update methods used for extraction, separation, fractionation and analysis of nanomaterials in the environment, mainly including extraction and preseparation procedures, field flow, chromatographic and electrophoretic methods used for fractionation, and microscopic and spectroscopic techniques applied in characterization and quantification of nanomaterials. It concludes with future research perspectives of these methods, which will hopefully help to establish normative methods and strategies for environmental analysis and improve the ecological risk assessment of nanomaterials in the environment. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Nanomaterials in the environment
3 Sampling and extraction of nanomaterials in the environment
3.1 Prefractionation
3.2 Extract separation
4 Fractionation of nanomaterials in the environment
4.1 Dispersion
4.2 Field flow fractionation
4.3 Chromatographic separation
4.4 Electrophoresis separation
5 Characterization and quantitative analysis of nanomaterials in the environment
5.1 Microscopic tests
5.2 Light-scattering techniques
5.3 Spectroscopic methods
5.4 Quantitative analysis
6 Conclusion and perspectives
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Techniques of Stable Chlorine Isotope Analysis and Relevant Applications in Research of Organochlorine Pollutants

Zhang Yuan, Qi Shihua^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2384-2390.

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Zhang Yuan, Qi Shihua^*. Techniques of Stable Chlorine Isotope Analysis and Relevant Applications in Research of Organochlorine Pollutants[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

The novel approach of isotope analysis has been introduced into the research of environmental science. Techniques and applications of stable chlorine isotope analysis are developed to research the source apportionment, transportation and transformation of the organic pollutants. This article reviews the progress of the techniques of stable chlorine isotope analysis and the relevant applications in research of organochlorine pollutants, and tries to reveal the prospects. The compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is lately considered as an important technique in study of environmental organic pollution. At present, the dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometer (DI-IRMS) and thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) are widely used accurate instrumental methods for stable chlorine isotope measurements, but the sensitivity of these instrumental methods may not be capable for some trace analysis of environmental samples. Recent attempts of on-line technique of isotope analysis simplified the procedures of CSIA, and improved the method sensitivity. Up to now the applications of isotope fingerprint and isotope fractionation have been introduced into environmental sciences. Studies show stable chlorine isotope analysis can be an assistant for pollution source apportionment, depicting the environmental process, and quantitatively describing the pollutant degradation efficiency. It is highlighted that the stable chlorine isotope analysis is a potential direction of environmental research of organochlorine pollutants. There are more efforts needed on the mechanism of stable chlorine isotope fractionation and its application for organochlorine pollutants, using CSIA method. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Progress of techniques of stable chlorine isotope analysis
2.1 Concept of compound specific chlorine isotope analysis
2.2 Dual inlet-isotope ratio mass spectrometry and thermo ionization mass spectrometry methods
2.3 Development of on-line methods of stable chlorine isotope analysis
3 Applications of stable chlorine isotope analysis of organochlorine pollutants
3.1 Source apportionment of organochlorine pollution using chlorine isotope analysis
3.2 Applications of stable chlorine isotope fractionation theories on organochlorine pollution
4 Conclusion and outlook
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Application of SERS Techniques in Diagnosis and Bioassay

Shao Feng, Chen Kun, Luo Zhihui, Wang Yanjun, Lu Donglian, Han Heyou^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2391-2402.

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Shao Feng, Chen Kun, Luo Zhihui, Wang Yanjun, Lu Donglian, Han Heyou^*. Application of SERS Techniques in Diagnosis and Bioassay[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique has experienced unprecedented growth in recent years, driven in large part by its numerous merits including sharp bandwidth, high sensitivity, anti-photobleaching as well as the ability of in-situ and noninvasive analysis for diagnosis and bioassay. Recent advances in SERS-based detection and analysis techniques toward the targets of biomacromolecules, pathogenic microorganisms, cells and living organisms, with an emphasis on labeled or label-free techniques are discussed in the review. General methods are summaried in basic recognition modes for different objects in SERS detection. Details are listed to highlight the strategies to increase sensitivity in the detection of pathogenic microorganisms. We also provide insights into the latest applications of SERS techniques in vivo and present the prospects of SERS techniques in the last part of the article. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Detection of biomacromolecules based on SERS
2.1 Detection of biomacromolecules based on labeled SERS techniques
2.2 Detection of biomacromolecules based on label-free SERS techniques
3 Detection of pathogenic microoganisms based on SERS
3.1 Detection of pathogenic microoganisms based on labeled SERS techniques
3.2 Detection of pathogenic microoganisms based on label-free SERS techniques
4 SERS techniques in cell study
4.1 SERS techniques in direct cell study
4.2 SERS techniques in indirect cell study
5 In vivo detection based on SERS
6 Conclusions and prospects
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Synthesis and Applications of Nanoparticles in Biology

Chen Mengjun, Yang Wantai, Yin Meizhen^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2403-2414.

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Chen Mengjun, Yang Wantai, Yin Meizhen^*. Synthesis and Applications of Nanoparticles in Biology[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

Nanoparticles have attracted much attention and already been extensively applied in many areas in the last decade. Due to nano-scaled sizes, nanoparticles exhibit various outstanding properties that differ from those of bulk materials, such as unique performances in fields of chemistry, photology, electricity, magnetism and so on. This review summerizes their classifications based on the different compositions and structures, i.e. organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles and organic/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles. The review focuses on the synthetic methods of different types of nanoparticles, particularly ones could be applied in biology. In addition, the unique physical and chemical features of the classified nanoparticles, which would be helpful for their biological applications, are clarified respectively. Because of their excellent properties such as large superficial area, high surface energy, environmental sensitivity and biocompatibility, nanoparticles have been widely used in various fields such as photoelectricity, chemistry, biotechnology and so on. We highlight the biological applications of the nanoparticles and introduce some specific examples of stimuli responsive sensors, bio-specific labeling, gene/drug deliveries and so on. At last we propose the prospects of the nanoparticles. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Classifications of nanoparticles
2.1 Organic nanoparticles
2.2 Inorganic nanoparticles
2.3 Organic/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles
3 Applications of nanoparticles in biology
3.1 Stimuli responsive sensors
3.2 Targeting and separation of living cells
3.3 Biological specific labeling
3.4 Drug/gene deliveries
3.5 Bio-sensors
4 Conclusions and outlook
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Recent Advance in Digital PCR

Lin Caiqin, Yao Bo^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2415-2423.

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Lin Caiqin, Yao Bo^*. Recent Advance in Digital PCR[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

Digital PCR, a new technique derived from traditional PCR and quantitative PCR, has revealed great potential in genetic profiling, prenatal diagnosis, cancer related allel and mutation detection. Digital PCR usually involves two steps: partitioning of limiting dilution sample into tens to thousands of individual reactions followed by PCR amplification and endpoint detection to identify the presence or absence of template molecules in each reaction. Different with real time qPCR which greatly depends on cycle threshold (C_T) and requires house-keeping gene and standard curve for relative and absolute quantification, digital PCR performs quantification through direct counting of the wells with positive amplification or calculating the concentration based on Poisson algorithm. It minimizes the measurement uncertainty caused by variation of amplification efficiency and has higher accuracy and reproducibility. In recent years, great efforts have been made to develop new methods for digital PCR to improve its sensitivity and reduce its cost. More and more techniques were commercialized soon after it was freshly published by large companies including Bio-Rad, Life technology and so on. In this article, the principle of digital PCR and its quantification method, different types of this technique and its practical applications are reviewed and discussed. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Principle of digital PCR
3 Quantification method
4 Classification of digital PCR
4.1 Microchamber/plate
4.2 Integrated fluidic circuit(IFC)
4.3 Droplet based digital PCR
5 Applications
5.1 Genetic instability analysis
5.2 Early diagnosis of cancer
5.3 Prenatal diagnosis
5.4 Others
6 Conclusion and outlook
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Multifunctional Ultrasound Contrast Agent

Jin Yushen, Ke Hengte, Dai Zhifei^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2424-2430.

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Jin Yushen, Ke Hengte, Dai Zhifei^*. Multifunctional Ultrasound Contrast Agent[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

Among all the diagnostic imaging techniques, ultrasound imaging is one of the most widely used imaging techniques around the world due to its unique advantages, such as real-time imaging, low cost, high safety and readily availability for portable devices. Although application of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) can significantly improve the accuracy and confidence of disease diagnosis by providing higher quality ultrasound images, ultrasound imaging also have some intrinsic limitations, such as its relatively limited sensitivity. Any medical imaging technique alone can not be so perfect and effective to get all the necessary diagnostic information. Therefore, in recent years, the idea of using multimodal imaging method based on ultrasound imaging has gained popularity among researchers and they have come to realize that the complementary abilities of different imaging modalities could be harnessed to synergistic advantages over any modality alone by using them in tandem. Especially, multifunctional ultrasound contrast agents are able to operate as novel theranostic agents for both contrast-enhanced ultrasonic imaging and therapy, which holds a great potential for ultrasound-guided therapy in clinic cancer treatment. The present review outlines recent progress in the development of multifunctional ultrasound contrast agents including targeted ultrasound contrast agents, multimodal contrast agents and theranostic agents based on ultrasound imaging, along with their possible future applications. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Progress in ultrasound contrast agents
2.1 Targeted ultrasound contrast agents
2.2 Multifunctional ultrasound contrast agents
3 Comments and Outlook
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Organic Circuits and Their Basic Elements

Cai Xiaozhou, Jiang Lang, Dong Huanli, Li Jingze^*, Hu Wenping^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2431-2442.

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Cai Xiaozhou, Jiang Lang, Dong Huanli, Li Jingze^*, Hu Wenping^*. Organic Circuits and Their Basic Elements[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

Semiconductor circuits and their components play very important roles in the modern information society. However, silicon-based inorganic circuit will face the development bottleneck. Organic circuit has been considered as the potential candidate for next generation circuit due to its low cost, high transmittance and wide applications on the flexible substrates. Significant progress has been made on the organic circuits and their basic elements in the past few years. Moreover, some basic elements have already been put into practical applications. For example, organic light-emitting diode (OLED) has been shown as a new choice for the next generation display technique. In this review, we focus on the recent development of the system-level circuits, where the basic elements are classified into four types according to the functional properties, i.e., information collection, information processing, information storage and information output. We summarize the recent important advances in the basic elements of organic circuits such as organic field-effect transistor sensors, the basic logic gates, coding devices, signal conversion devices, flash memories, resistance-type memories, electronic paper, OLEDs, and organic light-emitting transistors. The key progresses of the devices based on the organic field-effect transistors are highlighted, including the the frontier researches, the optimization of electrical properties and main challenges. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Information collection devices
2.1 Organic field-effect transistor sensors
2.2 Other sensors
3 Information processing devices
3.1 Basic logical gates
3.2 Coding devices
3.3 Signal conversion devices
4 Information storage devices
4.1 Flash memories
4.2 Resistance-type memories
5 Information output devices
5.1 Electronic paper
5.2 Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
5.3 Organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs)
6 Conclusion and outlook
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Structure Controlled Carbon-Based Materials for Lithium Ion Battery

Han Fei, Lu Anhui, Li Wencui^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2443-2456.

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Han Fei, Lu Anhui, Li Wencui^*. Structure Controlled Carbon-Based Materials for Lithium Ion Battery[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

In order to meet the demand for high-performance lithium ion battery, it has been found that structure design and surface modification of the electrode materials are of great importance. Based on the unique advantages of carbon materials, the electrochemical performance of lithium ion battery can be improved largely through recruiting carbon or/and carbon-based composite materials. Based on our research, we summarize the significant effects of carbon-based materials for lithium ion battery, and review the recent advances of carbon materials and carbon-based composite materials as the lithium ion electrodes, with the focus on the introduction of carbon materials and control of material structures to improve the electrochemical performance. In carbon anode materials, we review the influence of the various morphologies and structures of novel carbon anode materials (carbon nanotubes, graphene and amorphous carbon) on the electrochemical performance and their advantages and disadvantages. In carbon-containing composite electrode materials, we summarize the preparation method, structure design and morphology control of cathode and anode materials. Meanwhile, carbon materials are found to be beneficial for improving the electrical conductivity and stabilizing the structure of active materials in cathodes and anodes. In the end, the unsolved problems of carbon-based materials in lithium ion battery are further discussed to look forward to further extensive applications of lithium ion battery. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Effects of carbon materials for lithium ion battery
2.1 Improve electrical conductivity of materials
2.2 Restrain volume expansion of particles
2.3 Prevent aggregation and inactivation of nanoparticles
2.4 Reduce surface side reactions
2.5 Stabilize structure of active matetrials
3 Carbon anode materials for lithium ion battery
3.1 Conventional carbon anode materials
3.2 Novel carbon anode materials
4 Carbon-containing composite anode materials
4.1 Mechanism of alloy reaction
4.2 Mechanism of insertion/extraction reaction
4.3 Mechanism of conversion reaction
5 Carbon-containing composite cathode materials
5.1 LiMPO₄
5.2 V₂O₅
5.3 S
6 Conclusion and outlook
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Positive Electrodes of Non-Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium-Oxygen Batteries

Li Peng, Sun Yanping^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2457-2471.

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Li Peng, Sun Yanping^*. Positive Electrodes of Non-Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium-Oxygen Batteries[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

Non-aqueous rechargeable lithium-oxygen battery(NRLOB) possesses the highest theoretical energy density among all secondary battery systems. However, there are some tough problems for the NRLOB development,which include poor cyclability and low charge-discharge current densities of the battery. These problems are chiefly relating to the electrochemical reactions on the surface of the porous oxygen positive electrode. The key issue should be to ensure reversible decomposition and formation of Li₂O₂ to proceed sustainedly at higher reaction rates. In this article, the fundamental understanding of oxygen electrochemical mechanisms in non-aqueous electrolytes, research status of carbon materials and catalysts of the positive electrode, electrode structures and side reactions arising from electrolyte degradation are reviewed. The main issues for further research are summed up. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Electrochemical reactions of oxygen positive electrode
2.1 Oxygen reduction reaction
2.2 Oxygen evolution reaction
3 Oxygen positive electrode materials and structure
3.1 Carbon materials
3.2 Catalysts for oxygen reduction/evolution
3.3 Oxygen electrode structure
4 Electrode side reactions
5 Conclusions and perspectives
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Review on Lithium-Air Batteries

Zhang Dong, Zhang Cunzhong^*, Mu Daobin, Wu Borong, Wu Feng

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2472-2482.

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Zhang Dong, Zhang Cunzhong^*, Mu Daobin, Wu Borong, Wu Feng. Review on Lithium-Air Batteries[J]. Progress in Chemistry.

Lithium-air battery has been a focus of study for the past two decades extensively because of its excellent properties of energy and power densities. The performance, operation mechanism and state-of-the-art of Li-air batteries, operated in all of electrolytes, such as non-aqueous electrolytes, aqueous electrolytes, ionic liquids electrolytes, aqueous-nonaqueous dual-electrolytes and all solid electrolytes, are collected and discussed in detail in this paper. In special, the performance, principle and potential practical possibility of lithium-air-super-capacitor battery, which was just mentioned last year, is also reviewed in detail. Combined with the electrochemical behavior and research results of oxygen reduction reaction on different electrodes in different non-aqueous electrolytes, the defect and problem of nonaqueous electrolyte lithium-air battery is also discussed. In this paper, the relationship between reversibility of ORR in organic electrolytes and rechargeable property of nonaqueous electrolyte lithium-air battery is discussed. In addition, some suggestions are exhibited based on relative research results. According to the device structure, electrochemical reaction of air electrode in different electrolytes and mass transfer behavior, the performances of organic-water dual-electrolyte lithium-air battery, all solid state electrolyte lithium-air battery and lithium-air-super-capacitor battery are compared and discussed. Moreover, some promising carbon-class electro-catalysts, such as graphene nanosheets(GNSs), are also exhibited for the development of Li-air batteries. At last, the performance and development of lithium-air batteries are summarized and some meaningful development directions, such as exploration of new electrolytes, electro-catalysts and design of novel structures, are suggested for the next generation of Li-air batteries. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Nonaqueous electrolyte for lithium-air battery
2.1 Air electrode
2.2 Effect of ambient conditions
3 Water electrolyte for lithium-air battery
4 Ionic liquid electrolyte for lithium-air battery
5 Organic-water dual-electrolyte for lithium-air battery
6 All solid state electrolyte for lithium-air battery
7 Lithium-air-super-capacitor battery
8 Conclusion

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Evaluation Results of National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(2012)

Progress in Chemistry. 2012, 24(12): 2483-2484.

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. Evaluation Results of National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(2012)[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2012, 24(12): 2483-2484.

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