Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is one of the most powerful experimental methods to study electrochemical systems, and has been extensively used in the analysis of lithium battery systems, especially to determine kinetic and transport parameters, understand reaction mechanisms, and to study degradation effects in past two decades. In this paper, the electrode polarization process in lithium ion batteries which includes three basic physical and chemical processes, namely, electronic transport process, ionic transport process and electrochemical reaction process, is briefly described, and the EIS characteristics of each transport and reaction stage of the three basic physical and chemical processes are discussed, especially the mechanism of inductance formation and contact impedance is expounded in detail. Moreover, porous electrode theory and its application in lithium ion batteries are reviewed, and emphasis is put upon the principle and method of numerical simulation of impedance with physics-based lithium-ion batteries models. Furthermore, the typical EIS characteristics and the attribution of each time constant of the electrode materials for lithium ion batteries such as graphite, silicon, simple binary transition metal oxides, LiCoO2, spinel LiMn2O4, LiFePO4, spinel Li4Ti5O12 and transition metal oxides are also discussed. Finally, the challenges currently faced by EIS are identified and possible directions and approaches in addressing these challenges are suggested.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical basis for EIS analysis of lithium ion batteries
2.1 Schottky contact impedance
2.2 The mechanism of inductance formation
2.3 Porous electrode theory and numerical simulation of impedance and their applications in lithium ion batteries
3 The EIS characteristics of lithium ion battery electrodes
3.1 The EIS characteristics of lithium ion battery anode
3.2 The EIS characteristics of lithium ion battery cathode
Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of intercalation particle, with a detailed picture of the particle-film and film-solution interface and an equivalent-circuit diagram of the interfaces[54]
Fig. 6 Schematic diagram showing the differential flow of current in a porous electrode in which current can flow in both the solid and solution phases[54]
两相多孔电极的分散孔模型,也称为圆柱孔模型(Cylindrical pore model)或均匀传输线模型(Transmission line model),是主要用于描述多孔电极阻抗特征的理论。该模型假定多孔电极是由彼此不相交联的许多单孔的组合,因而宏观电流是所有单孔中电流的总和。分散孔模型最简单的情形如图9所示,模型包含一个长度为l、半径为r充满电解液的圆柱孔。假定只有孔壁是可导的,并表现为理想极化电极的行为。圆柱孔内不存在直流电流,交流电流通过电解液流入孔内对孔壁上的双电层进行充电。
Fig. 11 Schematic diagram of uniform transmission line model. Uniform transmission line representing impedance of flooded ideally polarized porous electrode; rs and cdl are the solution resistance and double-layer capacitance, respectively, of a small element of the pore length
Fig. 21 Nyquist plots of the LiFePO4 electrode with 50 weight percent (wt%) graphite as conductive agent at various potentials from 3.3 to 4.2 V during the first delithiation[141]
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