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化学进展 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (10): 1766-1779 DOI: 10.7536/PC200853 前一篇   后一篇

• 综述 •

大气颗粒物中有害成分的吸入生物可给性研究

钟来进, 唐直婕, 胡忻*(), 练鸿振*()   

  1. 南京大学化学化工学院 生命分析化学国家重点实验室 南京大学现代分析中心 南京 210023
  • 收稿日期:2020-08-24 修回日期:2020-12-04 出版日期:2021-10-20 发布日期:2020-12-28
  • 通讯作者: 胡忻, 练鸿振
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(91543129); 国家自然科学基金项目(91643105); 国家自然科学基金项目(21874065); 江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK20181261); 江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK20171335)
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Advances of In Vitro Inhalation Bioaccessibility for the Contaminants in Atmospheric Particulate Matters

Laijin Zhong, Zhijie Tang, Xin Hu(), Hongzhen Lian()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Centre of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University,Nanjing 210023, China
  • Received:2020-08-24 Revised:2020-12-04 Online:2021-10-20 Published:2020-12-28
  • Contact: Xin Hu, Hongzhen Lian
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(91543129); National Natural Science Foundation of China(91643105); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21874065); Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20181261); Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20171335)

大气颗粒物(Atmospheric particulate matter, APM)中负载的有毒元素和有机污染物等有害成分通过吸入暴露进入人体内,会给人体健康带来潜在的危害。APM中能被人体吸收的有害成分的浓度,而不是有害成分总浓度,更能科学地反映APM中有害成分的危害。为了简便、快速地分析APM中有害成分的生物可给态浓度(Bioaccessible concentration),研究者相继提出多种吸入生物可给性方法(Inhalation bioaccessibility procedure, IBAcP)评估APM中有害成分的吸入生物可给性(Inhalation bioaccessibility, IBAc)。本文综述了APM吸入暴露中有毒元素和有机污染物等吸入生物可给性研究进展,探讨了目前IBAcP存在的问题,并展望了未来研究方向。

关键词： 吸入生物可给性, 吸入生物有效性, 大气颗粒物, 有毒元素, 有机污染物

Exposure to toxic elements or organic contaminants associated with atmospheric particulate matters(APM) via inhalation may result in potential health risks to human. Up to day, various inhalation bioaccessibility procedures(IBAcP) have been advocated to investigate the bioaccessible concentrations of these contaminants in APM for the easy and fast risk-based assessment. In this review, the inhalation bioaccessibility of the toxic elements and organic contaminants in APM and the current IBAcP for the hazards assessment are reviewed and evaluated. In addition, the defects and challenges existed in current IBAcP are disclosed and the possible solutions are proposed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Main procedures for inhalation bioaccessibility

3 Inhalation bioaccessibility of inorganic and organic contaminants

3.1 Inhalation bioaccessibility of inorganic toxic elements

3.2 Inhalation bioaccessibility of organic contaminants

4 Validation of inhalation bioaccessibility procedures via in-vivo correlation

5 Challenge and prospective

Key words: inhalation bioaccessibility, inhalation bioavailability, atmospheric particulate matters, toxic elements, organic contaminants
()
图1 吸入肺泡中的APM中有害成分的生物可给性和生物有效性
Fig. 1 Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of contaminants of APM in alveoli
表1 常见IBAcP的组分及浓度(g·L-1)
Table 1 Components of IBAcP(g·L-1)
GS [48] SLF [57] SELF [39] HS [59] W-GS [56] J-GS [6] X-GS [60] ALF [7]
Organic compounds
Sodium citrate 0.052 0.16
Sodium citrate dihydrate 0.097 0.097 0.077
DTPA 0.079
Citrate 0.07
Sodium acetate trihydrate 0.9526 0.9526
D-glucose 1
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate 0.21
Calcium acetate 0.4
Ascorbic acid 0.018 0.05
Uric Acid 0.016 0.025
Glutathione 0.03 0.05
Sodium tartrate dihydrate 0.09
Sodium lactate 0.085
Sodium pyruvate 0.086
Lysozyme 2.5
Tocopherol 0.001
Albumin 0.2 0.26 10
Transferrin 0.2
L- cysteine 0.122 0.121
Glycine 0.376 0.375 0.19 0.059
Mucin 0.5
DPPH 0.1 10 0.2 0.1
Benzalkonium chloride 0.05 0.05
Inorganic salts
NaCl 6.019 6.43 6.02 7 6.79 6.4 6.019 3.21
NaOH 6
KCl 0.298 0.298 0.37 0.298
MgCl2 0.2 0.05
MgCl2·6H2O 0.203 0.2 0.21 0.203
CaCl2 0.193 0.225 0.022
CaCl2·2H2O 0.4 0.37 0.255 0.4 0.128
Na2SO4 0.071 0.072 0.071 0.039
K2SO4 0.17
MgSO4 0.0342
H2SO4 0.045
NaH2PO4 0.144
Na2HPO4 0.142 0.15 0.1196 0.15 0.142 0.071
NaHCO3 2.604 2.6 2.7 2.27 2.27 2.7 2.604
KH2PO4 0.27 0.03
NH4Cl 0.535 0.118
图2 IBAcP的基本实验程序
Fig. 2 Basic operational procedure for IBAcP
表2 近年来APM中重金属等有毒元素的吸入生物可给性研究
Table 2 Inhalation bioaccessibility of toxic elements in APM with various IBAcP
APM IBAcP Bioaccessibility ref
Sites/Sources Size (μm) Toxic elements Concentration in total Simulated biofluids Solid to liquid ratio (g·mL-1) Time Simulated movements (%)
NIST-SRM∶ NIES 8

(Vehicle-exhaust,
Japan)		 nd Pb 219±9 mg·kg-1 J-GS 1∶20 000 24 h 40 cycle min-1 45.2±3.5 6
Zn 1040±50 mg·kg-1 1∶20 000 92.5±2.5
1∶30 78.9±2.6
Cd 1.1±0.1 mg·kg-1 1∶20 000 74.3±4.6
NIST-SRM∶ BCR 038
(fly ash,Britain)		 nd Pb 262±11 mg·kg-1 1∶20 000 3.3±0.2
Zn 581±29 mg·kg-1 1∶20 000 21.2±3.3
Cd 5.0±0.3 mg·kg-1 1∶20 000 11.2±0.6
Outdoor/indoor, 2015
winter and 2016
spring, Nanjing,
Jiangsu(W/I, W/O,
S/I, S/O)		 <3.3 Mn nd SLF nd 24 h Shaken, 200 rpm W/I: 5.7±1.2, W/O: 22.6±6.5, S/I: 19.0±5.1, S/O: 11.4±1.4 41
Pb W/I: 0.9±0.2, W/O: 0.8±0.3, S/I: 4.3±1.2, S/O: 2.1±1.0
Zn W/I: 1.4±0.5, W/O: 1.5±0.7, S/I: 4.5±0.6, S/O: 2.2±1.6
2015, Nanjing,
Jiangsu		 TSP Pb 132±95 ng·m-3 ALF nd 24 h Shaken, 200 rpm 17.8±5.2 42
PM2.5 Pb 69.4±30.9 ng·m-3 SLF/ALF 48 h 45.1±15.8
PM2.5(quartz) Cu 72.5±40.1 ng·m-3 SLF/ALF 72 h 25.8±5.0/40.6±9.1
PM2.5 (PTFE) Co 0.50±0.28 ng·m-3 SLF/ALF 48 h 19.9±7.2/33.2±4.4
TSP(PTFE) Cu 150±12 ng·m-3 SLF/ALF 72 h 14.9±6.0/14.9±4.2
Co 9.82±1.94 ng·m-3 SLF 1.64±0.71/1.86±0.26
Ni 15.6±8.8 ng·m-3 11.3±5.0
Sr 43.0±20.3 ng·m-3 19.0±8.2
27.3±5.8
40.0±6.2
Frankford, German PM10 As 1.7(0.8~4.4) ng·m-3 ALF/GS 1∶1162 24 h Shaken, few times per day 89(85~93)/57(27~73) 51
PM2.5 As 1.0(0.4~1.8) ng·m-3 ALF/GS 81(75~85)/57(27~73)
PM1 As 0.6(0.3~1.5) ng·m-3 ALF/GS 82(77~86)/80(69~95)
The-Youth-Olympic (2014), Nanjing, Jiangsu PM2.5 Pb 530~1332 mg·kg-1 ALF/J-GS 1∶2400-1∶14000 24 h 10 min/4 h,
50 rpm		 59~79/55~87
11~29/5.3~21		 61
Before/after The-Youth-Olympic PM2.5 Pb 410~1046 mg·kg-1 ALF/J-GS
Port Piri(PP)
York-Peninsula (SH15)
Victoria (CMW), Australian		 PM10 Pb As PP: 6968±498, SH15: 1267±21, CMW: 1302±85 mg·kg-1 GS 1∶5000 120 h Magnetic stirring (1.5) PP: 1.69±0.22, SH15: 0.88±0.07, CMW: 1.18±0.19 62
PP: 36.4±2.3, SH15: 2042±24, CMW: 18,494±834 mg·kg-1 up and down (45 rpm) PP: 1.75±0.05, SH15: 0.67±0.02, CMW: 0.39±0.08
Magnetic stirring (1.5) PP: 70.9±8.9, SH15: 27.6±1.1, CMW: 18.6±0.3
Up and down (45 rpm) PP: 25±1.4, SH15: 20.3±0.4, CMW: 9.28±0.24
江苏南京 PM2.5 Pb 3518±58 mg·kg-1 W-GS 1∶100 48 h Shaken, 200 rpm 19.1±0.3 63
SLF 1∶1000 76.1±0.9
SELF 1∶100 (8.30±0.80)×10-2
ALF (3.04±0.50)×10-2
(13.2±1.0)×10-2
表3 近年来文献中APM中有机污染物的吸入生物可给性研究
Table 3 Summaries of recent researches on the inhalation bioaccessibility of organic contaminants in APM
APM IBAcP Bioaccessibility Ref
Size (μm) Compounds Concentration in total Simulated biofluids Solid to liquid
ratio(g·
mL-1)		 Time Simulated movements (%)
Capital (P)/ Energy (E)/ Forest (F)/ Agriculture (A)/ city of north of China PM2.5 12 PAH ΣPAH12: 136±88.6(P), 91.3±43.2(E), 28.2±6.89(F), 38.2±10.7(A) ng·m-3 ALF/GS nd nd nd ΣPAH12-GS: 6.19±4.55(P), 7.62±3.6(E), 29.4±13.5(F), 16.7±5.9(A);
ΣPAH12-ALF: 4.04±2.99(P), 5.42±2.64(E), 20.6±7.7(F), 12.0±5.5(A)		 67
Nonheating/heating season,
2016, Ha'erbin,
Heilongjiang		 PM2.5 9 PAH ΣPAH9: 289±164(H), 33.5±12.6(N);
ΣPAH9-BaPe q a ): 256±105(H), 41.7±10.4(N) ng·m-3		 ALF/GS 1/4 quartz film: 25 mL 24 h Shaken ΣPAH9-BaPeq-GS: 6.8±2.7(H), 9.2±6(N);
ΣPAH9-BaPeq-ALF: 2.3±1.6(H), 5.5±1.9(N)		 68
Biochar with PAH nd Phe, Pyr 10 μg·g-1 ALF/GS nd nd nd Phe-ALF: 0.35~1.31, Pyr-ALF: 0.34~1.09, Phe-GS: 0.47~1.49, Pyr-GS: 0.43~1.12 69
50 μg·g-1
100 μg·g-1 Phe-GS: 1.44~2.67, Pyr-GS: 0.55~1.10
Phe-GS: 1.10~1.72, Pyr-GS: 0.70~1.22
Nanjing, Jiangsu (2015.10.16-2016.04.07) PM2.5 19PAH ΣPAH19: 38.0(4.03~102) ng·m-3 SELF 1∶600~1∶4000 24 h 100 rpm 3.21(BcF)~44.2(Acl) 70
China PM2.5 12 OPFR,
16 PAH		 OPFRs: 86.9(50.4~158), PAHs: 132(17.5~456) μg·g-1 ALF/J-GS 1∶1000 1~15 d 10 min·d-1,
50 r·min-1		 1-day: PAHs: 2.5(0.03~24);
15-day: OPFRs: 1.2(EHDPP)~97(TPhP), PAHs: 6.5(0.7~24.5)		 71
E-waste incinerates,
Foshan, Guangzhou		 0.056~0.18 2PAH nd 200 ml ALF/X-GS+1 g Tenax (Bar) 1∶10 000 0.5~14 d 150 rpm ALF: 2.8(BghiP)~93(Flu);
X-GS: 3.1(DahA)~54.7(Flu)		 60
1.8~5.6
ALF: 17.2(BghiP)~92.4(Flu);
X-GS: 20.9(DahA)~77.5(Flu)
Indoor dust, Norway <63 9PE 0.41(DMP)~401.9(DiNP) μg·g-1 ALF/GS 1∶100 96 h 60 rpm ALF: 2.0(DEHP)~89.5(DMP);
GS: 3.1(DEHP)~89.9(DMP)		 55
Air-liquid-particle phase partitioning
residential area, France PM0.5 72SVOC Bioaccessibility (%): PEs: 62~100, PBDEs: 71~79, PCBs: 48~56, PAHs: 48~90 74
图3 小鼠滴注暴露模拟PM2.5的铅吸入生物有效性用于筛选和优化4种常用的吸入生物可给性方法(SLF, SELF, ALF and GS):(a) 小鼠模拟PM2.5吸入暴露的铅的体内体外相关性曲线(IVIVC);(b) 模拟PM2.5中铅在小鼠肺部的代谢动力学曲线;(c) 小鼠肾脏中铅含量与吸入铅的剂量响应曲线;(d) GS不同固液比(g·mL-1)提取模拟PM2.5中铅的生物可给性与吸入暴露相对生物有效性[63]
Fig. 3 IBAc of Pb in mice of instillation with PM2.5 was used to screen out and optimize four common IBAcP(SLF, SELF, ALF and GS).(a) In vivo-in vitro correlation of Pb-BAc with Pb-RBA.(b) The metabolic kinetics of Pb in lungs during 7-days exposure to simulated PM2.5.(c) The dose dependent of Pb in kidneys of mice in 2-days exposure.(d) The Pb-BAc from GS at different solid to liquid ratio of correlations with Pb-RBA in the simulated PM2.5[63]
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