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化学进展 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (8): 1249-1269 DOI: 10.7536/PC200744   后一篇

所属专题： 锂离子电池

• 综述 •

锂离子电池二氧化钛负极材料

陈阳, 崔晓莉*()   

  1. 复旦大学材料科学系 上海 200433
  • 收稿日期:2020-07-20 修回日期:2020-10-26 出版日期:2021-08-20 发布日期:2020-12-28
  • 通讯作者: 崔晓莉
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(52002076); 上海市自然科学基金项目(20ZR1403300); 上海航天科技创新基金(YF07050117F4051); 中国博士后科学基金(2021M690644)
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Titanium Dioxide Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Yang Chen, Xiaoli Cui()   

  1. Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
  • Received:2020-07-20 Revised:2020-10-26 Online:2021-08-20 Published:2020-12-28
  • Contact: Xiaoli Cui
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(52002076); Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(20ZR1403300); Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Fund(YF07050117F4051); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M690644)

锂离子电池是一种能量密度高、安全稳定和使用寿命长的储能器件,已广泛应用于移动电子设备和电动汽车等领域。二氧化钛(TiO2)具有无毒害、价格低廉、储量大和化学结构稳定等优点,是一种具有应用前景的负极材料。然而,TiO2的实际应用受限于自身较低电子电导率和锂离子(Li+)扩散系数。本文总结了TiO2三种常见晶型的储锂机制(锐钛矿TiO2两相固溶储锂机制、TiO2(B)本征赝电容储锂机制和金红石TiO2电位控制相变过程);针对其电子传导和Li+扩散能力的不足,详细综述了纳米结构维度设计、本征/非本征电子结构调控(元素掺杂、Ti3+自掺杂和高导电材料修饰)和异相结优化改性三方面的研究进展。最后展望了TiO2材料在锂离子电池及其他二次电池领域的发展趋势和应用前景。

关键词： 锂离子电池, 负极材料, 二氧化钛, 纳米结构, 电子结构, 异相结

Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have been widely used in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles owing to their characteristics of high energy density, safety, and long lifetime. Titanium dioxide(TiO2) is a promising anode material for LIBs due to the advantages of non-toxicity, low cost, abundant sources, and stable chemical structure. However, intrinsic low electronic conductivity and poor lithium-ion(Li+) diffusion have restricted its development for practical applications. In this review, we firstly systematically summarize the lithium storage mechanisms of three common TiO2 polymorphs, that is, a two-phase solid solution of anatase TiO2, intrinsic pseudo-capacitance of TiO2(B), and potential-dependent phase transition of rutile TiO2. Furthermore, to enhance the electron conduction and Li+ diffusion, the research progress of nanostructure dimensional tailoring, intrinsic/extrinsic electronic structure manipulation(elemental doping, Ti3+ self-doping, and modification of highly conductive materials), and hetero-phase junction optimization are discussed in detail. Finally, the development trend and application prospect of TiO2 anode materials for LIBs and beyond-LIBs are proposed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Structure and lithium storage mechanism of various TiO2 polymorphs

2.1 Crystal structure of TiO2 polymorphs

2.2 Anatase: two-phase solid solution

2.3 TiO2(B): pseudo-capacitance

2.4 Rutile: potential-dependent phase transition

3 Modification strategies of TiO2 anode materials

3.1 Nanostructure dimensional tailoring

3.2 Intrinsic/extrinsic electronic structure manipulation

3.3 Phase engineering optimization

4 Lithium-ion full batteries performance

5 Conclusions and outlook

Key words: lithium-ion batteries, anode materials, titanium dioxide, nanostructure, electronic structure, hetero-phase junction
()
表1 TiO2晶体结构及储锂活性
Table 1 Crystal structure and lithium storage of TiO2 polymorphs
Polymorphs Crystal structure[28] Crystal system
(space group)		 Density
(g·cm-3)		 Li+ insertion(mol)/
Specific capacity(mAh·g-1)
Bulk Nano
Anatase Tetragonal
(I41/amd)		 3.79 0.5/168 1.0/335
TiO2(B) Monoclinic
(C2/m)		 3.64 0.75/251 1.0/335
Rutile Tetragonal
(P42/mnm)		 4.13 0.1/34 0.85/285
图1 锐钛矿TiO2的锂化过程电位曲线(a)和循环伏安曲线(b)[41]
Fig.1 (a) The lithiation voltage profile of anatase TiO2. (b) The cyclic voltammograms of anatase TiO2. Reprinted with permission[41]. Copyright(2006) The Electrochemical Society
图2 TiO2(B)在0.1~1.2 mV·s-1扫速下的CV曲线,插图为归一化峰值电流-扫速关系图[46]
Fig.2 CV curves of TiO2(B) at scan rates of 0.1~1.2 mV·s-1. Inset displays the normalized peak current-scan rate plot. Reprinted with permission[46]. Copyright(2005) American Chemical Society
图3 金红石TiO2在初始态(a)、半锂化态(b)和全锂化态(c)的TEM图,(d)三个状态对应的晶体结构示意图[50] (e, f)金红石TiO2在1.2~3.0 V和1.0~3.0 V(vs Li/Li+)电位区间内的CV曲线[54]
Fig.3 TEM images of rutile TiO2 at initial state(a), intermediate state(b), and full lithiation(c). (d) Schematic of the crystal structure at corresponding three states. Adapted with permission[50]. Copyright(2014) The Royal Society of Chemistry. CV curves of rutile TiO2 at a potential window of(e) 1.2~3.0 V and(f) 1.0~3.0 V(vs Li/Li+). Reprinted with permission[54]. Copyright(2009) Elsevier.
图4 TiO2纳米结构的维度设计
Fig.4 The dimensional tailoring of TiO2 nanostructure
图5 碳酸氢铵辅助溶剂热无模板方法制备TiO2空心球[66]
Fig.5 Template-free synthesis of TiO2 hollow spheres by the NH4HCO3-assisted solvothermal process. Reprinted with permission[66]. Copyright(2017) Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
表2 TiO2空心球的制备方法及其储锂性能
Table 2 The synthesis and lithium storage performance of TiO2 hollow spheres.
Materials Methods Specific current
(mA·g-1)		 Specific capacity(mAh·g-1)/Cycle number ref
Mesoporous TiO2 hollow spheres SiO2 hard template 1000 137/1000 65
Multilayered hollow TiO2@SnO2@C sphere SiO2 hard template 200 484/300 68
Hollow TiO2 submicrospheres SiO2 hard template 1675 152/2000 69
Double-shelled anatase/TiO2(B)
hollow microspheres		 carbon microspheres hard template 3350 142/1000 70
Multishelled TiO2 hollow microspheres carbon microspheres hard template 167.5 237/100 71
TiO2 hollow spheres carbon microspheres hard template 173 148/300 72
C@TiO2/3D carbon hollow sphere N-hexadecylamine soft template 5 C 148/1000 73
Meso-macroporous hollow TiO2 lysozyme protein soft template 6720 103/400 74
Hierarchical TiO2/Fe2O3 hollow spheres sulfate soft template 335 211/100 75
Hollow TiO2 nanospheres gas soft template 85 131/30 76
TiO2 hollow microspheres template-free 335 135/40 77
Hollow TiO2 spheres template-free 1 C 113/200 78
Yolk-shell TiO2 microspheres template-free 336 133/40 79
TiO2 hollow spheres template-free
(Kirkendall effect)		 5 C 129/100 80
TiO2 hollow microspheres template-free
(Ostwald ripening)		 100 170/150 64
TiO2 hollow microspheres template-free
(Ostwald ripening)		 300 143/100 66
图6 (a)TiO2纳米管阵列和(b)TiO2纳米管/纳米颗粒复合阵列的TEM图,(c)电子传递和Li+扩散通道示意图[113]
Fig.6 TEM images of(a) TiO2 nanotube arrays and(b) aligned TiO2 nanotube/nanoparticle heterostructures. (c) Schematic illustration of electron transport and Li+ diffusion. Adapted with permission[113]. Copyright(2014) IOP Publishing Ltd
图7 表面(a)和内部(b)填隙掺杂TiO2示意图
Fig.7 Schematic of surface(a) and interior(b) interstitial doped TiO2
图8 (a)火焰辅助热解法示意图[195],(b, c)含碳TiO2的TEM图
Fig.8 (a) Schematic illustration of the flame-assisted pyrolysis method. Adapted with permission[195]. Copyright(2015) Elsevier. (b, c) TEM images of the carbon incorporated TiO2
表3 锂离子电池用TiO2/碳复合负极材料的循环性能和倍率性能
Table 3 Cycling and rate performance of TiO2/carbon composites as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries.
Materials Carbon(wt%) Potential window
(V vs Li/Li+)		 Cycling performance(mAh·g-1/mA·g-1/cycles) Rate performance(mAh·g-1/mA·g-1) ref
TiO2/amorphous carbon 37.3 0.01~3.0 154/850/200 89/1700 151
TiO2/amorphous carbon 33.2 0.01~3.0 224/200/400 132/1000 197
TiO2/artificial graphite N/A 0.01~2.0 348/0.5 C/100 24/4 C 225
N-doped Ti3C2@TiO2 N/A 0.01~3.0 154/2000/1500 74/3000 210
TiO2/rGO 17.5 0.01~3.0 245/1000/1000 102/3000 99
TiO2/rGO 9.9 0.01~3.0 246/168/500 86/1680 205
TiO2/C 88 0.01~3.0 128/1000/2500 32/10 000 190
TiO2/C 10.9 0.1~3.0 160/335/960 45/3350 195
TiO2/C 38.8 0.1~3.0 231/100/200 159/1000 200
TiO2/C 23 0.01~3.0 371/670/600 200/26 800 201
TiO2/C 23.7 0.01~3.0 139/1680/2500 40/16 800 226
TiO2/C 37.8 0.01~3.0 175/3000/3000 127/12 800 227
TiO2-x@N-doped C 17 0.005~3.0 180/10 000/3500 112/10 000 108
C@TiO2/3D carbon 15.4 1.0~3.0 148/5 C/1000 112/10 C 73
TiO2/amorphous carbon 65.9 1.0~3.0 107/20 C/5000 25/200 C 228
TiO2/CNTs N/A 1.0~3.0 109/2000/5000 129/16 000 203
TiO2/rGO 10.8 1.0~3.0 176/1675/1000 160/3350 207
TiO2/rGO 18 1.0~3.0 200/100/100 110/800 229
TiO2/rGO N/A 1.0~3.0 143/1 C/50 85/10 C 230
TiO2/C 3.3 1.0~2.5 169/1150/500 105/6900 104
TiO2/C 11.2 1.0~2.5 190/168/200 144/10 000 116
TiO2/C 6.3 1.0~3.0 110/840/2000 43/8400 199
TiO2/C 17.4 1.0~3.0 133*/1000/3000 68/12 800 222
TiO2/C 6.7 1.0~3.0 200/200/500 126/4000 231
图9 锐钛矿TiO2/TiO2(B)异相结电子传递和Li+扩散示意图
Fig.9 Schematic illustration of electron transport and Li+ diffusion at anatase TiO2 and TiO2(B) hetero-phase junction
表4 TiO2负极材料匹配不同正极材料的全电池性能
Table 4 Full-cell performance of TiO2 anode materials with different cathodes
Positive
(Cathode)		 Negative
(Anode)		 Mass ratio of P/N Voltage range(V) Current density
(mA·g-1)		 Initial C.E. (%) Capacity retention(%)/Cycles Specific capacity(mAh·g-1) ref/Year
LiFePO4 TiO2 @CNTs 2.2 1.2~2.4 1000 N/A 77.5/3000 97.6 203/2019
LiFePO4/C Anatase TiO2/C 1.2 0.5~3.0 100 63.1 72.8/100 353.8 248/2019
LiFePO4 Anatase TiO2 1.31 0.9~2.5 100 68.0 88/300 90.6 249/2013
LiFePO4 TiO2(B) 1.5 0~2.55 4000 N/A 81/300 80 250/2013
LiCoO2 TiO2(B) 2.5 1.5~4.0 1000 87.5* 90.3/200 196 112/2020
TiO2 coated LiCoO2 Anatase TiO2 >1.0 0.8~2.8 1000 83.8* 85/100 118 251/2018
B-doped LiCoO2 TiO2-x@C 1.7~2.0 2.0~4.3 16.1 96.4 N/A 165.2 252/2017
LiMn2O4 Anatase TiO2 2.5 1.25~2.5 33.3 66.7 50/80 82.9 253/2020
LiMn2O4 TiO2(B) 1.76 2.1~2.9 150 85.8 73.6/1000 89 254/2013
LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 C-TiO2 0.625 1.4~3.2 148 64.5* 100*/100 100 255/2016
ZnO-coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Anatase TiO2 0.67 1.0~3.2 50 80.0 75/50 100* 256/2011
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锂离子电池二氧化钛负极材料