Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have drawn tremendous research interest from both academia and industry over the last two decades because of their unique features and potential applications in flat-panel displays and solid-state lighting. Blue light-emitting materials, especially blue phosphorescent materials are indispensible for full-color displays and white OLED lighting. Compared with green and red light-emitting materials and devices, the blue counterparts behave relatively inferior performance in terms of color purity, luminous efficiency and durability. This review summarizes the recent development of blue phosphorescent materials and their performance in the OLED devices, focusing on the design strategies and device performance of blue phosphorescent dopants especially transition-metal iridium complexes and host materials. Moreover, we attempt to discuss the research trends and perspective of blue phosphorescent materials and devices.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Metal complexes as dopants for blue phosphorescent OLEDs
2.1 Achieve blue shift
2.2 Improve the luminous efficiency
2.3 Other types of metal complexes
3 Host materials for blue phosphorescent OLEDs
4 Conclusion and perspective

The organic compounds as the cathode materials of lithium secondary batteries have attracted wide attention because of their high specific capacity, abundant resources, environmental friendliness and safe system in recent years. The progress in oxocarbon organic cathode materials, including quinines, acid anhydride, nitrocompound, etc. is summarized. Their structures, electrochemical properties and the discharge and charge mechanism are introduced. Meanwhile, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The discharge potential and specific capacity of organic cathode materials are also compared. Finally, the future research focuse for the oxocarbon organic cathode materials are proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Small molecular quinone compound
3 Quinone polymer
4 Other oxocarbon organic compound
5 Outlook

The recent progress in  "supramolecular cyclodextrins amphiphiles"  is reviewed in this manuscript. The supramolecular cyclodextrins amphiphiles have three main types: the first class containing the cyclodextrins with hydrophobic modifications, the second class containing the inclusion complexes between cyclodextrins and amphiphiles, and the third class containing inclusion complexes between cyclodextrins and hydrophobic guests. The investigations on supramolecular cyclodextrins amphiphiles and their self-assemblies not only expand the concept of  "supramolecular chemistry"  introduced by Lehn, the Nobel Prize winner in chemistry in 1987, but also have the potential applications to bio-mimicry, smart materials and controllable therapeutic drug delivery and release systems.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Supramolecular cyclodextrins amphiphiles
2.1 The first class supramolecular cyclodextrins amphiphiles
2.2 The second class supramolecular cyclodextrins amphiphiles
2.3 The third class supramolecular cyclodextrins amphiphiles
3 Conclusion and outlook

Bismuth-containing semiconductor materials as a novel kind of photocatalysts have attracted much more attention due to their high catalytic activities towards the degradation of organic wastes under visible light irradiation. This paper summarizes the research achievements on Bi-containing semiconductor photocatalysts (e.g., bismuth oxide, bismuth titanate, bismuth tungstate, bismuth vanadate, bismuth oxyhalide, and so on). Among the reported Bi-containing photocatalysts, bismuth tungstate and bismuth vanadate are very attractive. Especially, it is shown that many Bi-containing semiconductor photocatalysts possesses significantly stronger optical absorption properties and higher photocatalytic activities than commercial TiO₂ (P25) under visible light irradiation. Moreover, most of Bi-containing semiconductor photocatalysts have good stability. On the other hand, the optical absorption abilities of Bi-containing semiconductor photocatalysts can be obviously improved by chemical modification or constructing heterostructure. Additionally, although the position of conduction band of common Bi-containing photocatalysts is lower than the redox potential of hydrogen, many Bi-containing semiconductor materials can be used as water splitting catalysts by chemical modification. We tried to clarify the relationship between the structure and catalytic performance of the Bi-containing photocatalysts. Prospect on the development of Bi-containing semiconductor photocatalyts is also proposed. It is emphasized that for shortening the peroid of catalyst development, specail Bi-containing photocataylsts should be designed and fabricated by adopting theoretical calculation methods according to their potential applications.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Bismuth oxide photocatalysts
3 Bi-containing bimetallic photocatalysts
3.1 Bismuth titanate photocatalyst
3.2 Bismuth tungstate photocatalyst
3.3 Bismuth vanadate photocatalyst
3.4 Other bismuth-containing bimetallic photocatalysts
4 Other bismuth-containing photocatalysts
5 Comparison on structure and performance of different Bi-containing photocatalysts
6 Conclusion and outlook

Photocatalysis became one of the important ways to solve the current global energy crisis and environmental pollution in recent years. It uses solar energy to product hydrogen via water splitting and degenerate the organic pollutants, which is not only low-cost but also environmentally friendly. Cu₂O is a p-type oxide semiconductor with the band gap of 2.0—2.2eV based on its size and shape. Therefore Cu₂O can adsorb the visible part of the sunlight and has a potential application in the photocatalytic field. In this review, we introduce the structural characteristics of CuO, which contains three-dimensional Cu₂O networks and special band structure. Then, the modification of Cu₂O including doping and coupling are described. Furthermore, the researches on the water splitting and the degeneration of organic compounds using Cu₂O and modified Cu₂O photocatalysts are discussed. The keys which inhibit the photocatalytic efficiency of Cu₂O are the recombination of the photo-excitated electrons and holes as well as the photo corrosion of Cu₂O. In the end, the ideas on further research based on the problems of Cu₂O as the photocatalysts are presented.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structural characteristics of Cu₂O and its modification
2.1 Structural characteristics of Cu₂O
2.2 Modification of Cu₂O
3 Water splitting using Cu₂O-based photocatalysts
3.1 Water splitting using Cu₂O photocatalysts
3.2 Water plitting using modified Cu₂O photocatalysts
4 Organic degeneration using Cu₂O-based photoc-atalysts
4.1 Organic degeneration using Cu₂O photocatalysts
4.2 Organic degeneration using modified Cu₂O photocatalysts
5 Conclusion and prospects

One-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have a unique tubular structure and excellent electrical, optical, thermal and mechanical properties. Meanwhile, zero-dimensional noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs) also exhibit unique optical, electrical, magnetic and catalytic properties. Combined these two nano-materials together through supporting metal nanoparticles on the surface of carbon nanotubes, a new kind of nano-hybrid of metal and nonmetal are created,this nano-hybrid can not only possess their intrinsic outstanding performance, but also will give birth to some extraordinary characteristics, significantly having potential applications in the fields of chemical catalysis, hydrogen storage, direct alcohol fuel cells, electronic devices and bio-sensors. In this review, the suggested methods about the decoration of NMNPs on CNTs are generally discussed, primarily including the covalent modification and non-covalent modification. In particular, the techniques about the functionalization of carbon nanotubes with the natural polymer (such as DNA, polypeptides, polysaccharides and DNA) are additionally introduced, and the modified CNTs actually exhibit not only good biocompatibility, but also may effectively facilitate the dispersion of the CNTs in most solvents and improve the amount of NMNPs decorated on nanotubes, therefore, the as-prepared CNTs/NMNPs nano-hybrids have obvious advantages for some biological applications such as drug delivery, bio-sensors, immobilization and separation of proteins and cancer diagnosis or treatment.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Strategies for modification
2.1 Directly covalent modification of CNTs
2.2 Covalent modification on the functional groups of CNTs
2.3 Non-covalent wrapping of CNTs
3 Research progress of the CNTs/NMNPs nano- hybirds
3.1 In situ precipitation method
3.2 Covalent modification of CNTs
3.3 Non-covalent modification of CNTs
3.4 Natural polymer wrapping CNTs
4 Conclusion

The 2-D polycyclic all-benzenoid aromatic hydrocarbons (PBAH), which are considered as a kind of ideal electric conductive materials because of their graphite-like structures and excellent stability, have attracted considerable intersts since their invention. The syntheses of the PBAH via planarization of the polyphenylene dendrimers are elaborated and the difficulties in the characterization of the PBAH are indicated in this review. Properties of the PBAH are discussed, such as thermotropic liquid crystallinity, electric conductivity and optical characteristics. The applications of the PBAH in the production of electron transport materails, field effect transistors, photovoltaic cells, light emitting diodes and secondary batteries are also presented. In particular, the PBAH bearing flexible side groups has the ability to form an ordered disc supramolecular structure in liquid crystalline state, which makes them lead the way in potential applications as a variety of optoelectric materials.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of PBAH
2.1 Synthesis of the precursor-PD
2.2 Cyclodehydrogenation of PD
3 Mass characterization of PBAH
4 Properties of PBAH
4.1 Thermotropic liquid crystallinity of PBAH[ZK)]
4.2 Optical performances of PBAH
4.3 Transportation of carriers in PBAH
5 Applications of PBAH
5.1 Electron-transporting materials
5.2 FET
5.3 Photovoltaic cell
5.4 LED
5.5 Rechargeable battery
6 Conclusion and outlook

Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs),as a class of novel  "green solvents" that exist in the liquid state around room-temperature and possess excellent ionic conductivity, have many promising applications in organic electrochemical reaction. In the review, new type of ionic liquids reported in recent years and the properties of ionic liquid electrolyte are described. The electrochemical experimental methods based on ionic liquid electrolyte are also discussed. Various organic electrochemical reactions in ionic liquid,including electrochemical reduction, electroreduction fixation of CO₂, electrochemical oxidation, olefin epoxidation, selective fluorination reaction, coupling reaction,the synthesis of functional organic siloxane, electrochemical fluorination desulfurization,electrochemical polymerization reaction, etc, are reviewed specifically, and the development trend is given.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The new ionic liquids
3 Properties of ionic liquid electrolytes
3.1 Viscosity
3.2 Conductivity
3.3 Diffusion of electroactive solutes
3.4 Effects of impurities
3.5 Electrochemical windows
4 The experimental methods based on ionic liquid electrolytes
5 Organic electrochemical reactions in ionic liquids
5.1 Electrochemical reduction
5.2 Fixation of CO₂ in ionic liquids
5.3 Electrochemical oxidation
5.4 Olefin epoxidation
5.5 Selective fluorination reaction
5.6 Coupling reaction
5.7 The synthesis of functional organic siloxane
5.8 Electrochemical fluorination desulfurization
5.9 Electrochemical polymerization reaction
6 Conclusion and perspective

The self-assembled peptide nanomaterials have been the focus of considerable research in recent years. Due to their good biocompatibility and the structure diversity, these materials are extremely attractive as building blocks for various applications such as material science, tissue engineering, bioengineering, and drug delivery. Firstly, this paper reviews the recent research concerning the self-assembly of peptides and their derivates into nanomaterials, including hydrophobic dipeptides, surfactant-like peptides, amyloid peptide fragments, and peptide-amphiphiles. Through the molecular self-assembling, these peptide molecules are assembled into various nanometer-scale structures and then further orgnaized to form nanotuber, nanofiber, nanovesicle, nanosphere and nanohydrogel. Meanwhile, the mechanism for the fomation of peptide assemblies and molecular dynamics simulation of the peptide self-asssembly are discussed. Finally, we introduced the application progress of the peptide-based nanomaterials, including the templates for the fabrication of metal/semiconductor materials, elements in biosensors, scaffolds for tissue engineering and regeneration, and carriers for drug delivery.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of peptide based nanomaterials
2.1 Dipeptides and their derivates
2.2 Linear peptides and their derivates
2.3 Cyclic peptides
2.4 Proteins
3 The mechanisms and molecular dynamics of the peptide self-asssembly
4 Applications of peptide based nanomaterials
4.1 Metal/semiconductor materials
4.2 Biosensors
4.3 Tissue engineering and regeneration
4.4 Drug delivery and release system
5 Conclusion

Conjugated fluorescent polymers (CPs) such as polyacetylene, polyfluorene, polythiophene and polyphenylene derivatives have unique optical properties, self-assembly performance and regulable structure and properties. They have been used as excellent optical sensing materials to develop high sensitive and selective sensors by using the large extinction coefficient and high fluorescence quantum yield of conjugated polymers, which have been a research hot spot in the field of biosensor. Detection of metal ions based on the conjugated polymer primarily relies on the non-water-soluble conjugated polymers. Metal ions can be detected by investigating the changes of the optical characteristics of the polymers induced by the combination of metal ions with some units such as bipyridyl and crown ethers on the polymer chains. Water solublity of conjugated polymers can be improved by appending hydrophilic side chains on the main chain of polymer, which provide many new ideas for the design of metal ions biosensors. For example, some biomolecules such as DNA and glucopyranose can be used to design schemes in order to improve the sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of metal ions. This review summarizes the new progress of highly sensitive detection of heavy metal ions (Hg²⁺,Pb²⁺), transition-metal ions (Cu²⁺,Eu³⁺,Ni²⁺,Fe³⁺,Fe²⁺,Ru³⁺,Ag⁺) and alkali metal ions (K⁺,Na⁺,Li⁺) based on non-water-soluble and water-soluble conjugated fluorescent polymers. As well as the development prospects of the field is included.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Detection of metal ions based on non-water-soluble conjugated fluorescent polymers
2.1 Detection of heavy metal ions including Hg²⁺、Pb²⁺
2.2 Detection of transition-metal ions including Cu²⁺、Eu³⁺、Ni²⁺、Fe³⁺、Ag⁺
2.3 Detection of alkali metal ions including K⁺、Na⁺、Li⁺
3 Detection of metal ions based on water-soluble conjugated fluorescent polymers
3.1 Detection of heavy metal ions including Hg²⁺、Pb²⁺
3.2 Detection of transition-metal ions including Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺、Ru³⁺、Fe²⁺
3.3 Detection of alkalie metal ions including K⁺
4 Summary and outlook

The organic electroluminescence (EL) technology, which has been the research focus in the field of electro-optical information, holds a wide range of potential application in domains of communication, information, display and illumination and so on. Organic EL materials have many advantages when compared to their inorganic counterparts. Fluorene, as a kind of rigid plane biphenyl compound with wide band gap, high luminescent efficiency and high flexibility to modify the molecule skeleton, has been a key blue-emitting chromophore in organic EL. In this regard, fluorene-based blue-emitting materials are widely used in synthesis of highly efficient blue light-emitting materials, host materials, white light-emitting materials, organic lasers and organic nanomaterials, among which adjustment of the β phase structure and multiple functionalization are also main research directions. In this review paper, the applications of fluorene-based bule-emitting chromophores in organic EL are discussed in detail, and the progress of polyfluorene and its derivatives in the aspect of host materials and white materials is reviewed. Fluorene-based organic nanomaterials are concisely introduced. The synthesis methods of the polymers are also concisely introduced. Finally, some issues to be addressed and hotspots to be further investigated are discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Highly efficient fluorene-based blue light-emitting materials
2.1 Synthesis and applications in organic light-emitting diodes of highly efficient and stable fluorene-based materials
2.2 β-Phase of polyfluorenes and its applications
2.3 Synthesis and characterizations of multifunctional blue light-emitting polyfluorenes
3 Fluorene-based host materials
3.1 Characterizations of fluorene-based host materials
3.2 Highly efficient fluorene-based green light-emitting copolymers
3.3 Red light-emitting electrophosphorescent polyfluorenes
3.4 Red-green light-emitting by co-doping dyes in fluorene-based host materials
4 Fluorene-based white light-emitting materials
4.1 Fluorene-based white light-emitting from host–dopants system
4.2 Fluorene-based white light-emitting from blending trichromatic or dichromatic polymers
4.3 Fluorene-based white organic light-emitting diodes with stacked trichromatic or dichromatic multilayer structures
4.4 Fluorene-based single white light-emitting polymers
5 Fluorene-based luminescent conjugated nanomaterials
6 Conclusion and outlook

Click chemistry has attracted great attentions since its concept was introduced in less than a decade, because the click chemistry reaction can be carried out under mild and simple reaction conditions, resulting in high reaction efficiency with easy post-treatment for the obtained products. In this review, the synthesis of biomedical polymers using click reaction technique is briefly introduced. The progress on preparation via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click reaction and application of the multifunctional and intelligent polymers for non-viral polymeric gene carriers, polymeric-micelles for drug delivery and polymer-based hydrogel is summarized. The limitations and prospective applications of the click chemistry technique for synthesis of biomedical polymers are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Application of click chemistry in synthesis of biomedical polymers
2.1 Non-viral polymeric gene vector
2.2 Polymeric micelles for drug delivey
2.3 Polymeric hydrogel for drug controlled release
2.4 Other biomedical materials
3 Outlook

Protein polymer conjugates are the products of proteins conjugating polymers via specific sites or manners. Amino groups, carboxyl groups and thiol groups of amino acid residues on proteins, which include enzymes and peptides, are typically modified sites. This review describes recent progress in preparing protein polymer conjugates. Polyethylene glycol is one of the successfully synthetic polymers in improving the performance of proteins. Polysaccharides are one of the most successful natural polymers. Modern chemical synthesis strategies, such as  "click chemistry"  and living radical polymerization, have been recently applied in preparing protein polymer conjugates. Some functional compounds with specific functional groups, such as metalloporphyrin and vitamin, can be bound to proteins. Then, they are conjugated with synthetic or natural polymers. Based on progress in preparing protein polymer conjugates, self-assembly behaviors of these macromolecules have been investigated in recent years. Especially, self-assembly behaviors of giant amphiphile have gained increased attention. Therefore, studies on self-assembly behaviors of protein conjugates offered a new strategy for designing and fabricating advanced functional materials. The conjugation of proteins with polymers is an important technology to improve the performance of proteins and broaden applications range of proteins. These macromolecules could be applied in the field of biomedicine and shows potential in many other areas, such as nanotechnology, materials science and so on.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Polymer modifiers
2.1 Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
2.2 Polysaccharides
3 Strategies of fabricating protein polymer conjugates
3.1 Classical methods
3.2 Living radical polymerization(LRP)
3.3 Specific binding of polymers and proteins
4 Self-assembly of protein polymer conjugates
5 Summary

This review presents a comprehensive view of the field of microcapsule type self-healing polymer composites. It begins with an introduction of the concept and mechanism of microencapsulation self-healing approach. It continues with a detailed discussion of the various self-healing matrix systems that have been proposed and investigated over the past five years. These self-healing matrix systems include epoxy resin, vinyl ester resin, fiber/epoxy composite materials, elastomer and poly (methyl methacrylate). The factors influencing self-healing performance of microcapsule type self-healing polymer composites, including the kinds of healing agent, wall materials of microcapsules, diameter of microcapsules, healing time and pressure, are summarized as well. This paper also deals with the different methods for evaluating self-healing efficiencies. Finally, the challenges and future research opportunities are highlighted.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Developments of microcapsule type self-healing polymer composites
2.1 Mechanism of self-healing microcapsule
2.2 Self-healing epoxy resin containing microcapsules
[JP4]2.3 Self-healing vinyl ester resin containing microcapsules[JP]
2.4 Self-healing fiber/epoxy composite materials containing microcapsules
2.5 Self-healing elastomer containing microcapsules
2.6 Self-healing poly (methyl methacrylate) containing microcapsules
3 Main influencing factors of microcapsule-based self-healing polymer system
4 Assessment of self-healing efficiency
5 Conclusion and outlook

Two-photon absorption is a process in which a molecule in medium simultaneously absorbs two photons, and performs transition from ground state to excited state with the energy of two photons. Optical imaging with fluorescence microscopy is a vital tool in the study of living cells and tissues, whereas the most common method for cell imaging, one-photon microscopy (OPM), uses a single photon of higher energy to excite the fluorophore. By using NIR (near infrared) photons as excitation source, two-photon fluorescence sensors which can avoid photodamage and photobleaching induced by one-photon fluorescence sensors are quite suitable for bioassay and bioimaging, and become powerful tools for the study on life science. The recognition mechanisms of two-photon fluorescence probes are comprised of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (RET), the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and the group conversion (GC). Two-photon probes for cation ions (Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, Ag⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Na⁺, Cr³⁺), two-photon anion ion probes (F^-), two-photon pH probes, two-photon glucose tracers, two-photon lipid raft probes, two-photon sulfhydryl group probes, two-photon cysteine probes and two-photon biolabelling probes, and the applications of two-photon fluorescence probes in bioimaging are reviewed. In particular, the research progress, developing trends and prospects in the future are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Two-photon probes for cation ions
2.1 Two-photon probes for magnesium ions
2.2 Two-photon probes for calcium ions
2.3 Two-photon probes for lead ions
2.4 Two-photon probes for mercury ions
2.5 Two-photon probes for silver ions
2.6 Two-photon probes for ferric ions
2.7 Two-photon probes for zinc ions
2.8 Two-photon probes for sodium ions
2.9 Two-photon probes for chromium ions
3 Two-photon probes for anion ions
3.1 Two-photon probes for fluorine ions
4 Two-photon probes for pH
4.1 Phenolic hydroxyl group ligand
4.2 Arylamino group ligand
4.3 Pyridine acid ligand
5 Two-photon glucose tracer
6 Two-photon probes for lipid rafts
7 Two-photon probes for sulfhydryl group
8 Two-photon probes for cysteine
9 Two-photon probes for biolabelling
10 Conclusion and outlook

Electrochemically switched ion exchange (ESIX) is a novel ion separation technology which combines electrochemistry with ion-exchange via reversible electrochemical modulation of the matrix charge density. Ion loading and unloading can be easily controlled by changing the redox states of ESIX films formed on conductive substrates to separate ions from mixed solutions and regenerate the matrix. The secondary waste created by chemical regeneration and associated rinse water of conventional ion exchange technology is eliminated. ESIX technology has gradually become a hot issue in the fields of wastewater treatment and water purification due to its environment friendliness. This paper begins with a brief introduction to the mechanisms and characteristics of ESIX technology, and then the research progress of ESIX films including preparation, structure and application are outlined. Furthermore, the key issues needed to be solved and the research prospect of this technology is also recommended in this paper.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism and characteristics of ESIX
3 Research progress of ESIX
3.2 Organic films of ESIX
3.3 Organic/inorganic hybrid films of ESIX
4 Prospect

O-Glycosylation is an important post translational modification of proteins. It is the main type of protein glycosylation as well as N-glycosylation. Because of its significant roles in modulating the function and structure of proteins, it is necessary to study protein O-glycosylation in biomedicine research. The main tasks of protein O-glycosylation analysis are: (1) identification of O-glycosylated proteins, (2) location of O-glycosylation site on proteins,(3) O-glycan structure interpretation and (4)quantitative analysis. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become the key technology for the analysis of protein O-glycosylation. However, analysis of O-glycosylation is a challenge: there is no consensus sequence of O-glycosylation and no universal cleavage enzyme, and the O-glycans are very complicated. Besides the invention of new instruments like LTQ Velos, many novel methods have been reported recently to conquer this challenge. In this review we try to cover these improvements for analysis of protein O-glycosylation, including four aspects: enrichment of O-glycoproteins/peptides, dissociation of O-glycan from proteins, O-glycan structure identification and quantitative analysis.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Enrichment of O-glycosylated proteins/peptides
2.1 Lectin affinity enrichment
2.2 Hydrophilic chromatography
2.3 Boric acid affinity enrichment
2.4 Hydrazide chemistry capture and release
2.5 Capillary electrophoresis
2.6 Electrophoresis methods for mucin separation
2.7 Chemo-enzymatic labeling of O-GlcNAc
3 Release of O-glycans from proteins
4 Mass spectrometry
4.1 Mass spectrometry
4.2 Tandem mass spectrometry
5 Quantitative analysis
5.1 Quantitative analysis of glycoproteins
5.2 Quantitative analysis of glycans
6 Conclusion and prospects

Traditional Chinese medicinal formula(TCMF) is an important clinic guide for application of Chinese medicines. It is a reflection of both diagnosis and treatment of traditional Chinese medical theory, occupying a pivotal position in the system of Chinese medicine. At present, TCMF is facing difficulties because its curative effects are largely based on the prescribing doctor's experience and its effective constituents and mechanisms of action are unclear, which seriously restricts their development in the international market. Chemical constituents and effective substance basis of TCMF are two important parts of the study of Chinese medicines. In the recent years, the development of modern biological and analytical techniques have provided new techniques and approaches for the modern studies on chemical constituents and effective substances in TCMF. In this paper, we reviewed the latest progresses of studying the chemical constituents and effective substance basis of TCMF, and put forward basic thoughts on improving research activities in the area.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Chemical constituents of TCMF
2.1 Chemical isolation and structure identification
2.2 Qualitative analysis
2.3 Quantitative analysis
3 Effective substance basis of TCMF
3.1 Pharmacokinetics of TCMF
3.2 Metabolic components of TCMF
3.3 Biochromatography of TCMF
3.4 Spectrum-effect relationship of TCMF
3.5 High throughput screening of bioactive compounds in TCMF
3.6 Metabonomics of TCMF
4 Problems and countermeasures
4.1 Organic combination of traditional theory and modern science and technology
4.2 Intercross and combination of multi-disciplinary knowledge and theory
4.3 Application of new theories, methods and technologies
5 Conclusion

2,3-Butanediol, which is considered as an important fine and potential platform chemical, has been widely used in many fields such as materials, medicine, foods, aeronautics, astronautics and so on. Biotechnological production of 2,3-butanediol has a long history over 100 years. Recently, microbial 2,3-butanediol production has attracted great attention as this means which depends on renewable bioresources is a promising route for developing low carbon economy and a gateway to a more sustainable future. In this review, the history of 2,3-butanediol fermentation is revisited and the metabolic mechanism of microbial 2,3-butanediol accumulation and the related key genes and enzymes are firstly introduced. Some strategies for efficient and economical 2,3-butanediol production, including using alternative cost-effective substrates to reduce the raw materials cost, strain improvement for enhancing the 2,3-butanediol yield and process development for improving the bioprocessing ecnomics, are then summarized. At last, various downstream separation methods for economical 2,3-butanediol recovering process are compared. It is pointed out that the focus of future research should be placed on improving biomass utilizing efficiency and enhancing 2,3-butanediol titer, also series of value-added 2,3-butanediol derivatives could be exploited to further expand its applications.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Current status of 2,3-butanediol production and its application
3 Microbial 2,3-butanediol production and its physiological function
3.1 Microorganisms producing 2,3-butanediol
3.2 Metabolic pathway, key genes and enzymes involved in 2,3-butanediol biosynthesis
3.3 Physiological function of 2,3-butanediol in microbial metabolism
4 Strategies for efficient and economical 2,3-butanediol production
4.1 Alternative fermentation substrates
4.2 Strain improvement and genetic engineering
4.3 Process development
5 Downstream processing of 2,3-butanediol
6 Conclusion and prospects

Low temperature microwave technique develops normal microwave heating technique and expanded its application range. The technology can reduce or eliminate the side reaction caused by sever thermal effects. There are several approaches used to achieve low temperature, such as adjusting the microwave radiation source, cooling medium, change of the reactants physical property and controlling the initial temperature of reactants. Low temperature microwave technique is applied widely for its high speed, security, reaction uniformity in chemistry research. By this new technique, some proteins can exposure under microwave radiation without protein denaturation; some catalytic synthesis can achieve higher yield and higher reaction rate than that in normal microwave reaction and some natural products can be extracted under protection from decomposition and oxidization. In addition, this technique can also be used as a tool to research microwave chemical mechanism. In this paper, the low temperature microwave technique is introduced and its application in protein research, catalytic synthesis, natural products research and microwave chemical mechanism research are reviewed. The future development of low temperature microwave technique is prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Application of LTMT in protein research
2.1 Application of LTMT in protein enzymatic hydrolysis
2.2 Application of LTMT in immunoassay
2.3 Application of LTMT in enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
2.4 Application of LTMT in protein conformation research
3 Application of LTMT in catalytic synthesis
4 Application of LTMT in of natural products research
5 Application of LTMT in microwave chemical mechanism research
6 Prospect of LTMT