Though the dimensions and formation mechanisms of geodesic domes, the protein capsids of virus，and the C₆₀ molecular cage vary significantly, they all belong to the same category of the icosahedral shells and consequently follow the same geometrical rules. Geodesic domes and virus capsids consist of triangular faces of almost the same size (quasi-equivalence)forming 12 penta-connected 3⁵ and 10（T-1)hexa-connected 3⁶ ver- tices, where T=h²+hk十k²is the triangular number or the number of small triangles in an icosahedral face, and h, k are the hexagonal coordinates between two 3⁵ vertices. On the other hand，the fullerene C_n，including the archetype C₆₀，consists of 12 pentagonal faces and 10(T-1)hexagonal faces forming only tri-connected vertices，now h，k become thehexagonal coordinates between the centers of two pentagonal faces. Obviously，these two kinds of icosahedral shells are duals with each other，or，in other words，their faces and vertices are interchanged. The geometrical characteristics of these icosahedral shells are discussed and the great variety of fullerenes is emphasized.

This article reviews the progress in three DNA-binding protein domains，leucine-zipper and zinc finger. 65 references are given.

The types，principles，current situation，examples of applications of biosensors are reviewed with 110 references.and the trends in research are discussed.

The synthesis of erythromycin is probably the single most extensive project in the history of synthetic organic chemistry. It has become the yardstick for measuring progress in the efficiency of stereoselective synthesis. This paper reviews the developments of the studies on the erythromycin synthesis.

The canonical enumeration of chemical structures has been broadly used as a kind of information index for chemical bibliography since computer entered into use in the field of chemistry. Moreover，it has also got many important uses in developing knowledge as-stems of chemistry. This review summarizes the basic principles of enumeration which are based on topological properties of the structure graphs and the methods of formation From these graphs.Then it analyzes the functions of this structure encoding in the chemical infermation system currently used，including bibliographic databases，chemical reaction databases ,and tlae: knowledge systems for molecular design and synthesis reaction-path plans.